Sociology ch.7-9
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| Social Stratification | Division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy
ex: race, class, gender
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| Social Inequality | Unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society
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| Slavery | Most extreme form of stratification, based on legal ownership of people
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| Caste System | Form of stratification where status is determined by one's family history/background and cannot be changed; based on heredity
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| Apartheid | System of segregation of racial and ethnic groups once legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991
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| Social Class | System of stratification based on access to resources like wealth, property, power, and prestige; referred by sociologists as socioeconomic status
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| Intersectionality | Concept that identifies how different categories of inequality (class, race, & gender) intersect
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| Upper Class | Consists of the wealthiest people in a class system, 1% of population
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| Upper Middle Class | Professionals and managers, 14% of population
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| Middle Class | "White Collar" workers, 30% of population, most Americans claim to belong here
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| Working (Lower Middle) Class | "Blue Collar" or service industry workers, 30% of population
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| Working Poor | Work manual, service jobs, and seasonal employment, 13% of population
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| Under Class | Work part-time or is unemployed, 12% of population
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| Capitalist (bourgeoisie) | Who own the means of production
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| Workers (proletariat) | Who sold their labor for wages
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| Karl Marx | Believed there were 2 social classes in capitalist societies
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| Feudal System | System of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced labors called serfs
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| Max Weber | Argued that class status was made of wealth, power, and prestige
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| Structural Functionalism | Believes the stratification makes it so that greater rewards are given for work that requires more skill
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| Social Reproduction | Tendency for social class status to be passed down from one generation to the next
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| Pierre Bourdieu | Examined social reproduction, believed it is a result of culture capital that either helps or hinders it
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| Culture Capital | Tastes, habits, expectations, skills, and knowledge
ex: most business deals are struck on a golf course so as a business owner it is to their advantage
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| Symbolic Interactionists | Examine the way we use status differences to categorize ourselves and others;
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| Erving Goffman | Points out that our clothes, speech, and friends provide hints of our socioeconomic status; insist social structures are built out of everyday actions
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| Homogamy | Tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion and other social group membership
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| Heterogamy | Tendency to choose romantic partners who are dissimilar
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| Social Mobility | The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes
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| Closed System | Little opportunity to move from one class to another
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| Open System | Ample opportunity to move from one class to another
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| INTER-generational Mobility | Movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next
ex: a plumber with a doctor for a daughter
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| INTRA-generational Mobility | Movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime
ex: a secretary who goes back to become a lawyer (bc it is within his lifetime and likely to change his social class)
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| Horizontal Social Mobility | Occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class
ex: therapist shifting to be a college prof.
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| Vertical Social Mobility | Movement between social classes and is called upward or downward mobility depending on direction
ex: therapist experience upward mobility if he marries a CEO, but if they get laid off then he experiences downward mobility
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| Structural Mobility | Changes in social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society
ex: women entering the workplace in WW1
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| Absolute Deprivation | Objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or healthcare
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| Relative Deprivation | Measure of poverty based on the standards of living, people feel poor if their standards is less than others
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| Culture of Poverty | Refers to learned attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their situation
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| Invisibility of Poverty | Residential segregation, political disenfranchisement, and the use of law enforcement to control the homeless can make poverty invisible to many Americans
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| American Dream | Ideology that anyone can achieve material success if he or she works hard enough
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| Race | Socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
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| Ethnicity | Socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, or history
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| Social Construction | Sociologists see race and ethnicity as this bc it isn't based on biology + categories change over time and never have firm boundries
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| Symbolic Ethnicity | Ethnic identity only relevant on special occasions
ex: a person revealing that they are of Irish heritage on St. Patrick's Day
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| Situational Ethnicity | Ethnic identity either displayed or concealed, depending on usefulness in situations
ex: a Viet person hiding their ethnicity bc their boss hates Viet but reveals it during a scholarship for Vietnamese people
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| Minority | Social group that is systematically denied access to power and resources available to dominant groups
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| Racism | Set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group, rooted in assumption that differences are genetic
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| Color-Blind Racism | Ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment
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| Internalized Racism | A minority who is prejudiced against their own group
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| Prejudice | Thought process; belief that member of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group
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| Discrimination | Action; motivated by prejudice, results in equal treatment of an individual bc of his/her membership in a racial group
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| Individual Discrimination | Carried out by one person against another
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| Institutional Discrimination | Carried out by social institutions (political, economic, educational) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it
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| White Nationalism | Belief that the nation should reflect a white identity
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| White Privilege | Unearned advantage for dominant group members
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| Microagression | Everyday verbal and nonverbal communications that are dismissive
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| Cultural Appropriation | When dominant group members adopt aspects of an oppressed group's culture without permission
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| Reverse Racism | Discrimination against white people
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| Race Consciousness | Acknowledge race as a social construct that shapes our individual and social experience
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| Affirmative Action | Favoring individuals belonging to discriminated groups; goal is to create awareness and diversity
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| Structural Functionalism | Focus on how race creates social ties and strengthens group bonds, acknowledge ties can lead to violence
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| Critical Race Theory | Study of relationship between race, racism, and power
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| Double Consciousness | W. E. B DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the U.S
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| Genocide | Deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic group
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| Population Transfer | Forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied
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| Internal Colonialism | Economic/political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation
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| Segregation | Formal and legal segregation of groups by race or ethnicity
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| Assimilation | Minority group absorbed into mainstream or dominant group
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| Racial Assimilation | Racial minority groups are absorbed into dominant groups thru intermarriage
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| Cultural Assimilation | Racial group are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture
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| Pluralism (multiculturalism) | Pattern of intergroup relations that encourage racial and ethnic variation within a society
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| Sex | Individual's membership in one of two biologically categories (male or female)
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| Primary Characteristics of Sex | Chromosomes, hormones, + reproductive organs
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| Secondary Characteristics of Sex | Body hair and bone structures
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| Gender | Physical, behavioral., and personality traits that is considered normal for male and female members
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| Gender Identity | An individual's sense of gender, while gender expression is an individual's behavioral manifestation of gender
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| Essentialists | These people believes gender is: two category system; determined by chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia; and permanent
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| Constructionist | See sex, gender, and sexuality as social constructs; most sociologist use this approach
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| Queer Theorists | Emphasize importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories of gender and sexual identity
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| Sexual Orientation | Need to be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual; asexuals may reject any sexual identity at all
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| Alfred Kinsley | Believed people are not exclusive to heterosexual or homosexual
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| Kinsley Scale of Sexuality | An example of "queering the binary"
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| Homophobia | Fear of/discrimination toward individuals who display purportedly gender appropriate behavior
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| Misogyny | Ingrained prejudice against women
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| Functionalists | Believe certain tasks should be done by certain sex
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| Instrumental Role | Person who provides family's material support and is often an authority figure; Talcott Parsons believe men are more suited
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| Expressive Role | Person who provides family's emotional support and nurturing; women are more suited
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| Conflict Theorists | Believe men lose a great deal if gender inequality disappears
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| Interactionists | Believe gender is constructed, maintained, and reproduced in everyday life
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| Feminist Theorists | Believe gender inequality affects all areas of social life
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| Gender Role Socialization | Lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine thru the 4 agents of socialization
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| Social Learning Theory | Suggest that babies and children learn behaviors and meanings thru socialization and internalize expectations of their peers
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| Feminization of Poverty | Assume women are more likely to live in poverty
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| Feminism | Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes and social movements organized around that belief
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| 1st Wave of Feminism | Mid 19th-1920s, to gain suffrage
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| 2nd Wave of Feminism | 1960s-1970s, to gain women's equal access to employment
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| 3rd Wave of Feminism | 1980s-present, focused on diversity among women's experiences + identities
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| Male Liberationism | To discuss challenges of masculinity; split into men's rights movement and pro-feminist men's movement
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