Sociology ch.7-9 Word Scramble

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Term	Definition
Social Stratification	Division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy ex: race, class, gender
Social Inequality	Unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society
Slavery	Most extreme form of stratification, based on legal ownership of people
Caste System	Form of stratification where status is determined by one's family history/background and cannot be changed; based on heredity
Apartheid	System of segregation of racial and ethnic groups once legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991
Social Class	System of stratification based on access to resources like wealth, property, power, and prestige; referred by sociologists as socioeconomic status
Intersectionality	Concept that identifies how different categories of inequality (class, race, & gender) intersect
Upper Class	Consists of the wealthiest people in a class system, 1% of population
Upper Middle Class	Professionals and managers, 14% of population
Middle Class	"White Collar" workers, 30% of population, most Americans claim to belong here
Working (Lower Middle) Class	"Blue Collar" or service industry workers, 30% of population
Working Poor	Work manual, service jobs, and seasonal employment, 13% of population
Under Class	Work part-time or is unemployed, 12% of population
Capitalist (bourgeoisie)	Who own the means of production
Workers (proletariat)	Who sold their labor for wages
Karl Marx	Believed there were 2 social classes in capitalist societies
Feudal System	System of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced labors called serfs
Max Weber	Argued that class status was made of wealth, power, and prestige
Structural Functionalism	Believes the stratification makes it so that greater rewards are given for work that requires more skill
Social Reproduction	Tendency for social class status to be passed down from one generation to the next
Pierre Bourdieu	Examined social reproduction, believed it is a result of culture capital that either helps or hinders it
Culture Capital	Tastes, habits, expectations, skills, and knowledge ex: most business deals are struck on a golf course so as a business owner it is to their advantage
Symbolic Interactionists	Examine the way we use status differences to categorize ourselves and others;
Erving Goffman	Points out that our clothes, speech, and friends provide hints of our socioeconomic status; insist social structures are built out of everyday actions
Homogamy	Tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion and other social group membership
Heterogamy	Tendency to choose romantic partners who are dissimilar
Social Mobility	The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes
Closed System	Little opportunity to move from one class to another
Open System	Ample opportunity to move from one class to another
INTER-generational Mobility	Movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next ex: a plumber with a doctor for a daughter
INTRA-generational Mobility	Movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime ex: a secretary who goes back to become a lawyer (bc it is within his lifetime and likely to change his social class)
Horizontal Social Mobility	Occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class ex: therapist shifting to be a college prof.
Vertical Social Mobility	Movement between social classes and is called upward or downward mobility depending on direction ex: therapist experience upward mobility if he marries a CEO, but if they get laid off then he experiences downward mobility
Structural Mobility	Changes in social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society ex: women entering the workplace in WW1
Absolute Deprivation	Objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or healthcare
Relative Deprivation	Measure of poverty based on the standards of living, people feel poor if their standards is less than others
Culture of Poverty	Refers to learned attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their situation
Invisibility of Poverty	Residential segregation, political disenfranchisement, and the use of law enforcement to control the homeless can make poverty invisible to many Americans
American Dream	Ideology that anyone can achieve material success if he or she works hard enough
Race	Socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
Ethnicity	Socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, or history
Social Construction	Sociologists see race and ethnicity as this bc it isn't based on biology + categories change over time and never have firm boundries
Symbolic Ethnicity	Ethnic identity only relevant on special occasions ex: a person revealing that they are of Irish heritage on St. Patrick's Day
Situational Ethnicity	Ethnic identity either displayed or concealed, depending on usefulness in situations ex: a Viet person hiding their ethnicity bc their boss hates Viet but reveals it during a scholarship for Vietnamese people
Minority	Social group that is systematically denied access to power and resources available to dominant groups
Racism	Set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group, rooted in assumption that differences are genetic
Color-Blind Racism	Ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment
Internalized Racism	A minority who is prejudiced against their own group
Prejudice	Thought process; belief that member of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group
Discrimination	Action; motivated by prejudice, results in equal treatment of an individual bc of his/her membership in a racial group
Individual Discrimination	Carried out by one person against another
Institutional Discrimination	Carried out by social institutions (political, economic, educational) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it
White Nationalism	Belief that the nation should reflect a white identity
White Privilege	Unearned advantage for dominant group members
Microagression	Everyday verbal and nonverbal communications that are dismissive
Cultural Appropriation	When dominant group members adopt aspects of an oppressed group's culture without permission
Reverse Racism	Discrimination against white people
Race Consciousness	Acknowledge race as a social construct that shapes our individual and social experience
Affirmative Action	Favoring individuals belonging to discriminated groups; goal is to create awareness and diversity
Structural Functionalism	Focus on how race creates social ties and strengthens group bonds, acknowledge ties can lead to violence
Critical Race Theory	Study of relationship between race, racism, and power
Double Consciousness	W. E. B DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the U.S
Genocide	Deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic group
Population Transfer	Forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied
Internal Colonialism	Economic/political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation
Segregation	Formal and legal segregation of groups by race or ethnicity
Assimilation	Minority group absorbed into mainstream or dominant group
Racial Assimilation	Racial minority groups are absorbed into dominant groups thru intermarriage
Cultural Assimilation	Racial group are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture
Pluralism (multiculturalism)	Pattern of intergroup relations that encourage racial and ethnic variation within a society
Sex	Individual's membership in one of two biologically categories (male or female)
Primary Characteristics of Sex	Chromosomes, hormones, + reproductive organs
Secondary Characteristics of Sex	Body hair and bone structures
Gender	Physical, behavioral., and personality traits that is considered normal for male and female members
Gender Identity	An individual's sense of gender, while gender expression is an individual's behavioral manifestation of gender
Essentialists	These people believes gender is: two category system; determined by chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia; and permanent
Constructionist	See sex, gender, and sexuality as social constructs; most sociologist use this approach
Queer Theorists	Emphasize importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories of gender and sexual identity
Sexual Orientation	Need to be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual; asexuals may reject any sexual identity at all
Alfred Kinsley	Believed people are not exclusive to heterosexual or homosexual
Kinsley Scale of Sexuality	An example of "queering the binary"
Homophobia	Fear of/discrimination toward individuals who display purportedly gender appropriate behavior
Misogyny	Ingrained prejudice against women
Functionalists	Believe certain tasks should be done by certain sex
Instrumental Role	Person who provides family's material support and is often an authority figure; Talcott Parsons believe men are more suited
Expressive Role	Person who provides family's emotional support and nurturing; women are more suited
Conflict Theorists	Believe men lose a great deal if gender inequality disappears
Interactionists	Believe gender is constructed, maintained, and reproduced in everyday life
Feminist Theorists	Believe gender inequality affects all areas of social life
Gender Role Socialization	Lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine thru the 4 agents of socialization
Social Learning Theory	Suggest that babies and children learn behaviors and meanings thru socialization and internalize expectations of their peers
Feminization of Poverty	Assume women are more likely to live in poverty
Feminism	Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes and social movements organized around that belief
1st Wave of Feminism	Mid 19th-1920s, to gain suffrage
2nd Wave of Feminism	1960s-1970s, to gain women's equal access to employment
3rd Wave of Feminism	1980s-present, focused on diversity among women's experiences + identities
Male Liberationism	To discuss challenges of masculinity; split into men's rights movement and pro-feminist men's movement

Created by: Mina_Dang8