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Sociology ch.7-9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Stratification | Division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy ex: race, class, gender |
| Social Inequality | Unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society |
| Slavery | Most extreme form of stratification, based on legal ownership of people |
| Caste System | Form of stratification where status is determined by one's family history/background and cannot be changed; based on heredity |
| Apartheid | System of segregation of racial and ethnic groups once legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991 |
| Social Class | System of stratification based on access to resources like wealth, property, power, and prestige; referred by sociologists as socioeconomic status |
| Intersectionality | Concept that identifies how different categories of inequality (class, race, & gender) intersect |
| Upper Class | Consists of the wealthiest people in a class system, 1% of population |
| Upper Middle Class | Professionals and managers, 14% of population |
| Middle Class | "White Collar" workers, 30% of population, most Americans claim to belong here |
| Working (Lower Middle) Class | "Blue Collar" or service industry workers, 30% of population |
| Working Poor | Work manual, service jobs, and seasonal employment, 13% of population |
| Under Class | Work part-time or is unemployed, 12% of population |
| Capitalist (bourgeoisie) | Who own the means of production |
| Workers (proletariat) | Who sold their labor for wages |
| Karl Marx | Believed there were 2 social classes in capitalist societies |
| Feudal System | System of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced labors called serfs |
| Max Weber | Argued that class status was made of wealth, power, and prestige |
| Structural Functionalism | Believes the stratification makes it so that greater rewards are given for work that requires more skill |
| Social Reproduction | Tendency for social class status to be passed down from one generation to the next |
| Pierre Bourdieu | Examined social reproduction, believed it is a result of culture capital that either helps or hinders it |
| Culture Capital | Tastes, habits, expectations, skills, and knowledge ex: most business deals are struck on a golf course so as a business owner it is to their advantage |
| Symbolic Interactionists | Examine the way we use status differences to categorize ourselves and others; |
| Erving Goffman | Points out that our clothes, speech, and friends provide hints of our socioeconomic status; insist social structures are built out of everyday actions |
| Homogamy | Tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion and other social group membership |
| Heterogamy | Tendency to choose romantic partners who are dissimilar |
| Social Mobility | The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes |
| Closed System | Little opportunity to move from one class to another |
| Open System | Ample opportunity to move from one class to another |
| INTER-generational Mobility | Movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next ex: a plumber with a doctor for a daughter |
| INTRA-generational Mobility | Movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime ex: a secretary who goes back to become a lawyer (bc it is within his lifetime and likely to change his social class) |
| Horizontal Social Mobility | Occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class ex: therapist shifting to be a college prof. |
| Vertical Social Mobility | Movement between social classes and is called upward or downward mobility depending on direction ex: therapist experience upward mobility if he marries a CEO, but if they get laid off then he experiences downward mobility |
| Structural Mobility | Changes in social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society ex: women entering the workplace in WW1 |
| Absolute Deprivation | Objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or healthcare |
| Relative Deprivation | Measure of poverty based on the standards of living, people feel poor if their standards is less than others |
| Culture of Poverty | Refers to learned attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their situation |
| Invisibility of Poverty | Residential segregation, political disenfranchisement, and the use of law enforcement to control the homeless can make poverty invisible to many Americans |
| American Dream | Ideology that anyone can achieve material success if he or she works hard enough |
| Race | Socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people |
| Ethnicity | Socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, or history |
| Social Construction | Sociologists see race and ethnicity as this bc it isn't based on biology + categories change over time and never have firm boundries |
| Symbolic Ethnicity | Ethnic identity only relevant on special occasions ex: a person revealing that they are of Irish heritage on St. Patrick's Day |
| Situational Ethnicity | Ethnic identity either displayed or concealed, depending on usefulness in situations ex: a Viet person hiding their ethnicity bc their boss hates Viet but reveals it during a scholarship for Vietnamese people |
| Minority | Social group that is systematically denied access to power and resources available to dominant groups |
| Racism | Set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group, rooted in assumption that differences are genetic |
| Color-Blind Racism | Ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment |
| Internalized Racism | A minority who is prejudiced against their own group |
| Prejudice | Thought process; belief that member of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group |
| Discrimination | Action; motivated by prejudice, results in equal treatment of an individual bc of his/her membership in a racial group |
| Individual Discrimination | Carried out by one person against another |
| Institutional Discrimination | Carried out by social institutions (political, economic, educational) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it |
| White Nationalism | Belief that the nation should reflect a white identity |
| White Privilege | Unearned advantage for dominant group members |
| Microagression | Everyday verbal and nonverbal communications that are dismissive |
| Cultural Appropriation | When dominant group members adopt aspects of an oppressed group's culture without permission |
| Reverse Racism | Discrimination against white people |
| Race Consciousness | Acknowledge race as a social construct that shapes our individual and social experience |
| Affirmative Action | Favoring individuals belonging to discriminated groups; goal is to create awareness and diversity |
| Structural Functionalism | Focus on how race creates social ties and strengthens group bonds, acknowledge ties can lead to violence |
| Critical Race Theory | Study of relationship between race, racism, and power |
| Double Consciousness | W. E. B DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the U.S |
| Genocide | Deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic group |
| Population Transfer | Forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied |
| Internal Colonialism | Economic/political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation |
| Segregation | Formal and legal segregation of groups by race or ethnicity |
| Assimilation | Minority group absorbed into mainstream or dominant group |
| Racial Assimilation | Racial minority groups are absorbed into dominant groups thru intermarriage |
| Cultural Assimilation | Racial group are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture |
| Pluralism (multiculturalism) | Pattern of intergroup relations that encourage racial and ethnic variation within a society |
| Sex | Individual's membership in one of two biologically categories (male or female) |
| Primary Characteristics of Sex | Chromosomes, hormones, + reproductive organs |
| Secondary Characteristics of Sex | Body hair and bone structures |
| Gender | Physical, behavioral., and personality traits that is considered normal for male and female members |
| Gender Identity | An individual's sense of gender, while gender expression is an individual's behavioral manifestation of gender |
| Essentialists | These people believes gender is: two category system; determined by chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia; and permanent |
| Constructionist | See sex, gender, and sexuality as social constructs; most sociologist use this approach |
| Queer Theorists | Emphasize importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories of gender and sexual identity |
| Sexual Orientation | Need to be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual; asexuals may reject any sexual identity at all |
| Alfred Kinsley | Believed people are not exclusive to heterosexual or homosexual |
| Kinsley Scale of Sexuality | An example of "queering the binary" |
| Homophobia | Fear of/discrimination toward individuals who display purportedly gender appropriate behavior |
| Misogyny | Ingrained prejudice against women |
| Functionalists | Believe certain tasks should be done by certain sex |
| Instrumental Role | Person who provides family's material support and is often an authority figure; Talcott Parsons believe men are more suited |
| Expressive Role | Person who provides family's emotional support and nurturing; women are more suited |
| Conflict Theorists | Believe men lose a great deal if gender inequality disappears |
| Interactionists | Believe gender is constructed, maintained, and reproduced in everyday life |
| Feminist Theorists | Believe gender inequality affects all areas of social life |
| Gender Role Socialization | Lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine thru the 4 agents of socialization |
| Social Learning Theory | Suggest that babies and children learn behaviors and meanings thru socialization and internalize expectations of their peers |
| Feminization of Poverty | Assume women are more likely to live in poverty |
| Feminism | Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes and social movements organized around that belief |
| 1st Wave of Feminism | Mid 19th-1920s, to gain suffrage |
| 2nd Wave of Feminism | 1960s-1970s, to gain women's equal access to employment |
| 3rd Wave of Feminism | 1980s-present, focused on diversity among women's experiences + identities |
| Male Liberationism | To discuss challenges of masculinity; split into men's rights movement and pro-feminist men's movement |
Created by:
Mina_Dang8