Transcription and Translation
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| What is the difference between DNA and RNA? | RNA is single stranded instead of double stranded, contains uracil instead of thymine, contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
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| What is a gene? | A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
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| What is a trait? | seen when enough of a protein is made (hair color, eye color, etc.)
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| DNA is ________________________ into RNA. | transcribed
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| RNA is __________________________ into an amino acid sequence. | translated
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| What do amino acids make up? | proteins
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| What is a phenotype? | an observable trait
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| Which enzyme binds to one strand of DNA, reads the gene, and joins RNA nucleotides to form a complementary single stranded messenger RNA (mRNA)> | RNA polymerase
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| What does mRNA do after it is transcribed? | Travels through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm
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| What is a codon? | a sequence of 3 nucleotides
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| What organelle does the mRNA bind to? | a ribosome
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| What are ribosomes made out of? | rRNA and proteins
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| What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)? | to transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to build a protein
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| Are there different types of tRNA? | Yes, there is one from each of the 20 amino acids
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| Once a protein is translated, what happens? | It folds into a 3D shape and causes a phenotype
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| What is the start codon? | AUG, methionine
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| What is a stop codon? | When protein synthesis stops, and the protein is released from the ribosome.
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| What are the steps when given a DNA sequence and asked for the amino acid sequence? | transcribe the DNA to a mRNA sequence. Translate codons of the mRNA sequence into amino acids.
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| What does it mean that the genetic code is universal? | Every species codons code for the same amino acids
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