263 EXAM 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| external abdominal oblique | outermost layer
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| internal abdominal oblique | middle layer
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| transverse abdominis | innermost layer
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| muscles protection internal organs | allows normal compression during coughing, sneezing, urination, defecation and childbirth
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| solid viscera | internal organs of the upper abdomen that are primarily solid in nature, liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenals and kidney
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| liver | largest organ in the body, below diaphragm in right upper quadrant
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| pancreas | endocrine gland and accessory organs of digestion
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| spleen | filters blood of cellular debris, digest microorganisms and return breakdown products to liver
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| enlarged spleen | lower tip extends down and toward midline
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| kidneys | filter and eliminate waste, secrete hormones
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| hollow viscera | stomach, small bowel, large bowel, rectum, gallbladder and bladder
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| stomach | store churn and digest food
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| gallbladder | concentrate and store bile needed to digest fat
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| small intestine | digestion and absorption of nutrients through mucosal projections its walls, longest portion of digestive tract, small diameter
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| large intestine | secrete alkaline mucus to lubricate intestine and neutralize acids formed by intestinal bacteria
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| visceral pain | hollow abdominal organs become distended or contract forcefully, capsules of spleen and liver are stretched, dull burning cramping colicky
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| parietal pain | parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed, appendicitis, peritonitis, sharp, severe, steady
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| peritonitis | distended abdomen, measure abdominal girth
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| acute pancreatitis | sudden onset, caused alcohol ingestion
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| pancreatic cancer | gradual/ recurrent
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| referred pain | not felt at pain source
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| pattern | timing and relationship
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| precipitates GERD pain | supine position
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| indigestion | heartburn, indicates acute or chronic gastric disorders
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| gastric disorders | hyperacidity, gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer disease, stomach cancer
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| diarrhea | may be seen with food intolerances, infections and irritable bowel
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| nausea | may reflect gastric dysfunction
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| vomiting | neuromuscular and conscious impaired patients at risk for lung aspiration
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| older adult apetite | decline due to altered metabolism, decreased taste sensation, decreased mobility, possible depression
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| blood and mucoid stool | inflammatory bowel disease
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| clay colored, fatty stools | malabsorption syndromes
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| older adults fluid volume | risk for deficit; dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, higher fat to muscle ratio
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| older adults UTI | prone because of protective bacteria in the urinary tract declines with age
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| alcohol related disorders | gastritis, esophageal varices, pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis
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| exercise | promotes peristalsis and bowel movement
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| preparation for abdomen assessment | empty the bladder to eliminate bladder distention
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| purple discoloration | indicates bleeding in the abdomen wall
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| dilated veins | indicate cirrhosis of the liver, obstruction of inferior vena cava, ascites
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| spider angioma | dilated surface arterioles with central star
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| normal striae (stretch marks) | pink, blue
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| umbilicus | position, color (pink), midline at lateral line, contour (recessed, inverted, protruding)
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| aortic pulsation | slight pulsation of abdominal aorta, visible in epigastrium
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| bowel sounds | intermittent soft clicks, normal 5 - 35
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| vascular sounds | bell of stethoscope, important to clients with hypertension, arterial insufficiency
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| not palpable | gallbladder, kidneys
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| childbearing women gastric motility | decreases lead to constipation, heartburn
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| older adult superficial capillaries | dilated, more visible in sunlight
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| ascites | significant abdominal swelling indicating fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity, pale taute skin, percussion dull over fluid, tympany over intestines
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| Cushing syndrome | dark bluish striae
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| keloids | excessive scar tissue, result from trauma or surgery
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| cullen's sign | bluish purple discoloration around umbilicus, indicates intra abdominal bleeding
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| grey turner sign | bluish or purple discoloration on the abdominal flanks
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| abdominal distention | everted umbilicus caused by fat, feces, fetus, fibroids, fluid
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| scaphoid | sunken abdomen (severe weightloss)
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| umbilical hernia | enlarged, everted umbilicus, bowel protruding
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| epigastric hernia | bowel protrudes through weakness in linea alba, bulge midline between the xiphoid process and umbilicus
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| diastasis recti | bowel protrudes through separation between two rectus abdominis muscles, appears when client raises head or coughs
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| incisional hernia | bowel protrudes through weakness resulting from surgical incision
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| fibroids | ovarian cysts or fibroid tumor appears as generalized distention in lower abdomen, displacing the bowel, percussion dull with tympany
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| abdominal distention below umbilicus | causes full bladder, uterine enlargement, ovarian cysts, impacted colon
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| flatus | abdomen distended with gas
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| hyperactive bowel | rapid mobility, heard in early bowel obstruction, gastroenteritis, diarrhea or laxative use
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| borborygmus | growling
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| hypoactive bowel | diminished bowel activity caused by paralytic ileus, inflamed peritoneum, late bowel obstruction
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| increase bowel pitch | obstruction signifies intestinal distention
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| heptomegaly | enlarged liver, suggests congestive heart failure, acute hepatitis or abcess
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| higher liver than normal | abdominal mass, ascites, paralyzed diaphragm
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| lower liver than normal | emphysema, diaphragm is low
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| splenomegaly | enlarged spleen, dullness greater than 7 cm wide, progression down toward midline, caused by traumatic injury, portal hypertension, mononucleosis
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| involuntary reflux guarding | peritoneal irritation, rigid abdomen
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| aortic aneurysm | prominent, laterally pulsating mass above the umbilicus, wide, bounding pulse
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| enlarged kidney | due to cyst, tumor, hydronephrosis
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| enlarged gallbladder | suggests acute cholecytisis, Murphy sign
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| murphy sign | sharp pain that causes client to hold their breath, caused by inflamed gallbaldder, acute cholecytisis
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| peptic ulcers | open sores that form the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine when acid eats away the mucus lining
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| peptic ulcer S&S | abdominal pain, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, black stool, committing (bloody)
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| gastric ulcer | stomach ulcer
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| GERD | stomach acid or contents flow back into esophagus, reflux irritates lining of esophagus
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| esophageal stricture | narrowing of esophagus
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| symptoms of GERD | hoarseness, laryngitis, dry cough, asthma, bad breath, earaches, chest pain
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| halitosis | bad breath
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| appendicitis | symptoms of RLQ, parietal pain, nausea, vomiting
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| psoas sign | pain in RLQ when leg is hyperextended caused by inflamed apendix
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| obturator sign | pain in RLQ when hip and knee are flexed and leg is rotated internally and externally
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| rovsing sign | pain in LLQ, caused by acute appendicitis
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| blumberg sign | abdominal pain when testing rebound tenderness between umbilicus and anterior iliac crest, caused by peritoneal irritation
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| assessing ascites | percuss flanks upward towards umbilicus
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| palpating spleen | lie on back, inhale and exhale
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| intestinal obstruction | high pitched bowel sounds
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| esophageal varices | client with alcoholism with cirrhosis
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| cirrhosis | jaundice, ascites, spider hemangiomas, dilated veins
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| abnormalities worsened with alcohol | pancreatitis, gastritis, cirrhosis
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| stomach functions | store, churn and digest
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| enlarged liver | heart failure
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| dyspepsia | chronic pain in upper abdomen
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Created by:
ahommel
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