Psychology exam CLEP at SIUE
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| Functionalism | William James-Sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic manner.
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| Structuralism | 1st school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into basic components. Influenced experimental psychology
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| William Wundt | 1st psychology lab in Germany. His school of thought was structuralism
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| Psychoanalysis | Developed by Sigmund Freud, devotes to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior. (unconcious)
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| Behaviorism | Approach to psychology that empahsizes observable measurable behavior. (learning perspective)
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| Humanism | Focused on each individual's potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. (Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers)
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| Hierarcy Of Needs | 1) Physiological-water, air, food and sleep2) Security-safety3)Social Needs-love and affection4) Esteem Needs-Self worth5) Self Actualization-personal growth (highest level)
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| Cognitivism | Branch of psychology that studies the mental process
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| Neurons | Specialized cells that are information processing units of the brain responsible for receiving and transmitting info.
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| Dendrites | Tree-like extensions at the beginning of the neuron that help increase the surface area of the body and are covered with synapses. They receive info from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation
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| Axon Hillock | Located at the end of the soma and controls the firing of the neuron.
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| Axon | Elongated fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings and transmit the neural signal. Some are covered with a fatty substance called myelin.
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| Terminal buttons | Located at the end of the neuron. Responsible for sending signal to other neurons.
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| Synapse | Gap at the end of terminal buttons
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Autonomic-regulates internal environment. Carries info from CNS to smooth muscle glands.Somatic-Carries info to CNS from the senses and from teh CNS to skeletal muscles
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| Medulla | (hind brain) Sensory and motor nerves cross over
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| Pons | (hindbrain) Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
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| Cerebellum | (hindbrain) Reflexes (balance) coordinates movement
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| Midbrain | Hearing, vision, relay point pain registered
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| Thalamus | (forebrain) Major messages relay center. Regulates higher brain centers and PNS
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| Hypothalamus | (forebrain) Motivation, emotion and stress reactions
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| Occipital Lobe | (Cerebral Hemispheres) Receives and processes visual info.
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| Temporal Lobe | Complex vision, hearing, smell, balance, emotions some language comprehension
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| Parietal Lobe | Sensory projection, visual and spatial abilities
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| Frontal Lobe | Goal directed behavior, concentration, motor projection, coordinate messages from other lobes
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| Hemispheric Specialization | Right-nonverbal and spacial tasks-controls left side of bodyLeft-Verbal tasks, controls right side of body
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| Reticular Formation | Network of nuerons running through the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain that serve to arouse the higher parts of the brain.
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| Limbic System | Ring of structures that work together to play an essential role in the formation of new membraines and influence emotion.
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| Spinal Cord | Complex cable of nerves that connects the brin to most of the rest of the body. Long nerves fibers have 2 basic functions:1)permit some reflect movement2) carry messages to brain
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| Endocrine Systems | Communication system in body made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones, chemical substances and guide processes such as metabolism, growth and sexual development.
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| 5 Stages of Personality Development (Freud) | 1) Oral Dependency-Birth thru 2 years2) Anal-potty training 3) Phallic Stage-Ages 3-5 (Oedipus=males love for mom and Electra=female love for dad)4) Latency-not much new development5) Genital-age 12 thru puberty (sexual interest)
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| Thyroid Gland | Secretes Thyroxin, doxy and sluggish
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| Parathyroid | pea sized responds to exposure of light
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| Nature vs. Nurture | Interactive role of hereditary (nature) and environment (nuture)
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| Pineal Gland | Controls level of sugar
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| Pituatary Gland | Produces largest number of different hormones (master gland)
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| Gonads | Testes in a male, ovaries in female
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| Adrenal Glands | located above kidneys-outher covering is adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla is the inner core
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| Evolution | 1859 Charles Darwin-organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive
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| Evolutionary Pyschology | Analyzes human thoughts, traits and behaviors by examining their adaptive values
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| Sensations | Passive process of bringing information from the outside world into the body and brain.
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| Perception | Active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information brought to the brain by senses.
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| Signal Detection Theory | Decision making process as well as sensory processNoise-how much oustide interference existsCriterion-level of assurance that you decide must be met before you take action
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| Visual System | Wave length-frequency of wave-longer a wave the less often quickly it occurs.Wave amplitude-size of the wave affects brightness
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| Cornea | round transparent area allows light to pass thru eye
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| Lens | Transparent structure that focuses onto retina
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| Retina | inner membrane receives information about light using rods and cones
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| Pupil | Opening at the center of the iris which controls the amount of light
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| Rods | Night vision
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| Cones | Day vision
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| Trichoromatic | 3 types of color red, green, blue
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| Opponent Process Theory | Color preception depends on the reception of the antagonist colors. One color at a time the opponent color blocked out. Pairs-red-green, blue-yellow, black-white
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| Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization | Figure Ground-organize visual perceptionSimplicity-good form, grouping elements to make good formProximity-nearness, objects that are close often perceived at belonging togetherSimiliarity-sameContinuity-follow whatever direction we are led
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| Illusions | Incorrect perception caused by distortion of visual sensations. Reversible figures-two faces looking towards each other and also a vase image.Impossible figures-2-D cannot exist in 3D space despite our perception
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| Perception of Pain | 2 separate pathways1)fast-registeres localized pain (sharp) cutitng with a knife2) slow pathways-sends infor to limbic system (aching/burning) 1-2 secons longer than fast pathways
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| Gates Control Theory (Melzack & Walls) | Incoming pain must pass thru "gate" which is a nueral network controlled by brain to determine where the info should be sent
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| Phantom Limbs | Ability to feel pain, pressure, other sensations in limbs that are not there (either amputated or born without)
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| Hypnosis | Hypersuggestible or easily influenced. Can be described as imagined involvement
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| Meditation | Calming and focusing the mind, highly developed in Eastern cultures such as India and Japan
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| Psychoactive Drugs | Affects states of consciousness-addictive, alter brain chemistry and depends on dosage
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| Lucid Dream | Realize you're dreaming remain asleep and capable to experiment in the dream
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| Learning Theory | Process leading to relatively permanent behavior change or potential change. John B. Watson-As we learn we alter the way we perceive our environment, the way we interpret stimuli and therefore, the way we act or behave.
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| B. F. Skinner | Skinner was a well known behaviorist who followed Watson's research (1904-1990)
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| Behavioral Psychology | Interested in how behavior results from the stimuli both in environment and within ourselves
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| Classical Conditioning | Ivan Pavlov-Unconditioned Stimulus (UCR) and Unconditioned Response (UCR) Ex: Meat powder naturally causes salivation in dogs.Bell-conditioned stimulus; and salivation conditioned response
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| Operant Conditioning | How an organism results/operates in the environment. Ex: Cat in box with only one way out...cat first tries to get out different ways, once it relizes the best way out, if put back in the box, continues to take the same course of action right away
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| Reinforcment | Postive-w/ dog a treat for sitting or doing trick (powerful)Negative-nagging to get teen to take out trash, nagging stops after teen does chore on own.Punishment-something aversive to decrease behavior Ex: spanking for misbehaving.
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| Fixed Ratio | Schedule that refers to applying reinforcement after specific number of behaviors.
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| Fixed Interval | Applying reinforcer after specific amount of time. Getting a raise every year and not in between
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| Variable Ratio | Applying reinforcer after a variable number of responses. Ex: Gambling on slot machine
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| Variable Interval | Boss that checks on work periodically, one will work harder because you know when the next check comes.
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| 6 Steps to Scientific Method | ID questions of interest; develop a testable hypothesis; select research method; analyze data (publish); build theory
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| Positive Correlation | 2 variables more into the same direction, increase and/or decrease together
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| Serial Position Effect | Remembering info in the beginning and end but not so much in the middle
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| Control Group | Group that is treated identically to the experimental group but does not receive the independent variable.
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| Negative Correlation | Two variables move in opposite directions one factor increases while the other decreases
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| Humanistic Perspective | Hamn nature is naturally positive and growth seeking
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| Cognitive Perspective | Thoughts, perception and info processing
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| Descriptive/Correlational Methodology | Simply observe variables
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| Motivated Theory of forgetting | we forget for a reason
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| Neuroscience/biopsychology perspective | Genetics and biological processes in the brain and nervous system
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| Experimental Group | The Group that recieves independent variable (manipulated by expermientor)
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| Chunking | Memory-grouping separate pieces into single unit. Ex: CHess pieces into patterns that can easily be recalled.
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| Sample Bias | Occurs when research participant are not represented of the larger population
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| Shallow level of process | We are only aware of basic incoming info, you obtain names o students and repeat over and over.
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| Maintenance Rehearsal | Repeating info to obtain and maintain in short term memory
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| Sensory Memory | 1st stage of memory that holds sensory info
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| Experimentor Bias | Occurs when researcher influences research results in expected direction
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| Pscyhoandytic Perspective | Unconscious conflict
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| Elaborative Rehearsal | storage in longer term memory in which info is actively reviewed and related to old info
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| 4 Goals of Psychology | Desription, explanation, prediction, change
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| The Focus of psychological scicen is the attempt to relate overt responses to observable environment stimuli." This statement is most closely associated with what method? | Behavioral
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| Which type of research design is most appropriate for establishing a cause and affect relationship between two variables? | Experimental
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| Response latency is the number of seconds elapses between the stimuls and the response. | Operational Definition
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| The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft is caused by | An action potential
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| A neuron is said to be polarized when... | it is in a resting state
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| Down syndrome is caused by | an extra chromosome
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| How many pairs of chromosones are contained in most human cells? | 23
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| Damge to an individual's parietal lobe would most likely result in... | reduced sensitvity to touch
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| In adults, total sensory deprivation for long periods produces... | Hallucinations and impaired efficiency in all areas of intellectual functioning
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| Opponent Process Theory | Color afterimages
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| The receptors for hearing are the | hair cells on the basilar membrane
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| Brain waves during REM slepp generaly appear | Rapid low amplitude waves
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| Sleep pattern which is less prevelant in adults | REM
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| Hypnosis is most used for | Pain control
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| Variable ratio only | Checking coin return every time one passes by a vending machine
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| Operant Conditioning | Making the amount of time a child can spend on playing video games contingent on the amount of time the child spends practicing the piano.
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| Classical Conditioning | Ivan Pavlov conditioned/unconditioned responses and stimulus
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| Reinforcer | Ex: Teacher tells a child to sit down in class, over the course of several days the child is standing more and more frequently, only to be told to sit down each time.
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| Secondary Reinforcer | Money
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| Stimulus Generalization | Ex: Shortly after learning to associate the word "dog" with certain four legged furry animals, young children will frequently misidentify a cow or a horse as a dog.
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| Retroactive Behavior | Learned by lateral inferences
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| Serial Position Affect | Ex: If on the last day of psychology class a student is asked to remember what was done in class each day. Most likely only going to be able to remember the beginning and the end. Nothing in the middle
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| Proactive Interference | Old memories inhibit new memories
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| Positive Transfer | Rapid learning in a new situation
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| Context | Research has shown that students generally perform better if tested in the same room where they did their learning.
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| Forgetting curve | It decreases rapidly at first then levels off.
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| Information Processing Theory | Sensory Memory; Short Term Memory; then Long Term Memory
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| Algorithm | Always guarantee a solution in problem solving
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| Heuristic | Set of Rules to increase the chances of solving a problem
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| Convergent Thinking | usually deductive, thinking in which ideas are examined for their logical validity or in which a set of rules is followed, e.g. in arithmetic
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| One theory of the effects of arousal holds that efficiency of behavior can be described as an inverted U-Shape function of increasing arousal. | Low and high levels of arousal lead to poorest performance
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| Reduction | Example: A woman who is cold puts on a coat
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| Approach-Avoidance Conflict | Both levels of attraction and aversion increase.
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| Preoperational Thought | Ex: Young child breaks her cookie into a number of pieces and asserts that "now there is more to eat". Jean Piaget
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| Elisabeth Kubler Ross Stages of dealing with death | Denial; Anger; Bargaining; Depression; Acceptance
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| When preschool children see the world only from their point of view, they are displaying... | Egocentric Thinking
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| Deductive Reasoning | reasoning that constructs or evaluates deductive arguments.
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| Displacement | Ex: When insulted by a friend Sally's first impulse was to strike him. Instead, she yelled loudly and kicked a door.
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| Sublimation | Sublimation is the refocusing of psychic energy (which Sigmund Freud believed was limited) away from negative outlets to more positive outlets.
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| Collective unconscious | Carl Jung
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| Unstable-Introverted | Ex: Lawrence is pessimistic, rigid, and moody. Hans Eysenck
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| The key distinction between personality trait and attitude is... | durability
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| A diagnosis of schizophrenia typically includes | Delusions
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| Etiology | Refers to origins and causes of an aspect of illness.
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| Obsession | Sensless ritual
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| Somatization Disorder | characterized chiefly by physical complaints
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| Personality disorders are characterized by | Problematic social relationships and inflexible and maladaptive responses to stress
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| Significant side effects of electorconvulsive therapy | temporary loss of memory
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| SSRI's Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are treatments for | Depression
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| Friendship Formation | Similarity, Proximity, and familiarity
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| Altruism | quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others
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| Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy has indicated... | Certain theraputic methods have been shown to be especially effective for particular psychological disorders
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| Cognitive Therapy | Attempts to correct irrational beliefs that lead to psychological distress
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| Bystander Effect | Diffusion of Responsibility
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| Robert Sternberg's love theory | Intimacy, Passion and Committment
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| Job satisfaction has an adverse relatioship with... | turnover
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| An attribution that focuses on an individual's ability or personality characteristic is described as | dispositional
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| Foot in the door | small request to gain listeners' compliance then making a larger request
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| Distribution with the greatest variability | standard deviation of 11.2
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| Positron emission tomorgraphy (PET) | studying brain activity
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| Generalization | EX: A father uses operant conditioning to encourage his child to share. Now she is sharing more and more.
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| The measure of central tendency can be easily distorted by unusually high or low scores | Mean
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| Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus will result in | an increase in eating disorder
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| Temperament classification | Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas-Easy, difficult, slow to warm up
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| Systematic Desensitization | treatment technique often used to treat phobias, builds upon prinicples of classical conditioning
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