The cell
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| Robert Hooke | discovered the plant cell
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| Schleiden & Schwann | discovered all living things are composed of cells
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| Rudolf Virckow | cell theory, cells only arise from other cells
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| All life can be described by the _______ | activities of a cell
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| Loss of cellular homeostasis | underlies nearly every disease
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| cell diameter ranges in size from | 2mm-10cm
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| Largest visible cell | ostrich egg cell
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| How large are human cells | 10 mm-100 mm
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| The largest human cell is the | human egg
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| cell length varies from | a few mm to 1 meter
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| Skeletel muscle cells are how long? | 30 cm
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| spinal cord nerve cells are how long? | 1 meter
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| what shape are red blood cells | disk shaped
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| Neurons take on what shape | tree branches
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| fat cells are what shape? | spherical
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| muscles sells are what shape? | long and skinny spindle shaped
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| what are the 3 parts of the generalized cell | nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma lemma
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| plasma lemma | cell membrane
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| How think is the plasma membrane | 7-8 nm thin
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| what is the makeup of a cell membrane? | dbl layer of phospholipid with protein molecules dispersed throughout.
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| 1 molecule of glucose makes up | 38 atp
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| what 3 functions do proteins serve within a cell | signs of recognition by immune systme, recptors for hormones and enzymes, transport nutrients across membranes
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| hydrophilic | water loving
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| hydrophobic | avoids water
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| all biological membranes are | dbl layer phospholipid with proteins
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| external lipid molecules attach | glycolipids
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| glycolipid | sugar group
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| cell membrane containes a significant amount of _____ to help stabalize. | cholesterol
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| membrane proteins are______ in order to interact with non polar parts and water inside and out | hydrophobic and hydrophilic,
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| Integral proteins | are transmembran proteins that protrude through the lipid bilayer
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| what is the primary function of integral proteins? | transport, form channels or pores or act as carriers
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| Peripheral proteins | are not inbedded in the lipid layer, attahed to integral proteins
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| mitochondria have their own seperate | DNA, recieved from the mother
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| some peripheral proteins are | enzymes
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| Peripharel proteins can _____ during cell division | change shape (dontraction of muscle cells
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| glycoproteins/sugar group are attached to | peripheral proteins
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| microvilli | finger-like projections of plasma membrane
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| Microvilli ____ the surface area | increase
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| where are microvilli comonly found | kidneys, tubules and intestinal cells
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| actin filaments | microvilli(contactile proteins that get long and short)
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| what are the 3 factors that bind cells? | glycoproteins/adhesive
wavy nature of cell membranes
membrane junctions
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| what are the 3 forms of juntions which bind a cell? | tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
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| tight junctions | keeps inter-cellular fluid from passing from cell to cell
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| tight junctions function like a | zipper
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| an example of tight junctions | epithelial cells in the digestive tract
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| Desmosomes | act as mechanical connectors preventing tissue separation
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| in desmosomes, cell membranes don't touch one another, they are instead held together by | glycoprotein filaments anchored by keratin filaments in each cell.
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| spot desmosomes | anchor cells in certain spots
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| belt desmosomes | form bands around entire cell
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| Gap junctions | provide direct passage of chemical substances between adjacent cells
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| at junctions adjacent cell membranes are connected by | hollow channels made up of connexons
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| connexons | hollow channel transmembrane protein
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| gap junctions all ____ to pass from cell to cell | small molecules, sugars, ions
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| gap junctions are especially important in electrically excitable tissue such as | hear, smooth muscle, and some nerve cells
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| the plasma membrane functions as the | membrane transporter
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| intersitial fluid contains | nutrients, vitamins, wasteproducts, and neurotrasmitters
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| cell membranes are | selectively permeable
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| In what two ways can substances leave or enter a cell? | passive transport, active transport
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| passive transport | substances enter cell without spending energy (diffusion)
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| active transport | the cell must expend atp in order to move substance
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| diffusion | tendency of molecules or ions to scatter randomly and evenly
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| conentration gradient | greater the difference in 2 area the faster the diffusion
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| particles diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of | low concentration
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| simple diffusion | when a small non polar molecule passes through a lipid bilayer
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| if oxygen concentration is higher in blood than in tissues than____ | Oxygen will flow to tissues
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| very small polar or charged particles are ______ by the lipid bilayer but pass thru______ | repelled, but pass thru channel pores
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| osmolarity | total concentration of all solute paricles in a solution
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| osmosis | diffusion of water thru selectively permeable membrane
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| _____ is one of the only polar molecules which passes through membrane pores. | water
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| isotonic solution | solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the cells.
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| tonicity | ability of solution to change cell shape by changing internal water volume
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| hyptertonic solution | solution has higher concentration of solutes as the cells
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| if more water leaves the cell than enters the cell is said to become | flacid
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| hypotonic solution | solution has lower concentration of solutes as the cell
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| if more water enters the cell than leaves the cell will eventually | rutpure
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| why don't plant cells rupture? | B/c they have cell walls
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| hydrostatic pressure | back pressure exerted by water on a membrane
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| osmotic pressure | water attracting ability of plasma proteins
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| if hydrostatic pressure is equal to osmotic pressure than | osmosis stops
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| facilitated diffusion | when lipid insoluble molecules combine with lipid soluble protein carriers in order to pass through cell membranes.
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| facilitated diffusion is selective because | it depends on the unique structure of the substance.
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| which 4 substances are vital to cellular homeostasis and transport passively | oxygen, water, glucos and co2
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| filtration | water and solutes are forced thru membrane of vessel wall by hydrostatic pressure of blood
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| hydrodstatic pressure | pushes filtration from high pressure to low presure
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| an example of a hydrostatic pressure system is | kidney filtration
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| filtration is not | selective
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| filtration removes everying except | blood cells and molecules to big to pass through pores
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| filtration is important especially to diabetics b/c | if blood sugar is high, urine sugar is high too. filtration removes the extra (sugar)
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| active processes are used when the substance is | too large to pass thru pores, cannot disolve in the the bilipid membrane, or must move against a concentration gradient
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| The two types of active transport processes are | facilitated diffusion and bulk transport
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| another name for active transport is | facilitated diffusion
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| active transport is similar to faciltated transport because | they both have carrier proteins
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| the main difference between active transport and facilitated transport is | facilitated transport will never go agains the gradient
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| In active transport enzyme like proteins serve as | cariers or solute pumps
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| solute pumps | move amino acid and ions against a concentration gradient
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| solute pumps must use____ in order to do work | ATP
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| Protein carriers change shape in order to | move bound solutes across a membrane
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| cells actively accumulate | amino acids
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| _____ is pumped against the concentration gradient into cells | amino acids
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| cells which have high K+ ion concentration and low NA + concentration move ions across when? | a nerve ending stimulates a muscle cell to contract
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| If muscle contraction is to proceed | K+ and na+ ions must return to their original positions
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| sodium potassium atpase | simultaneously moves na+ and K+ ions across cell membranes
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| bulk transport | the passage of macromoleules and large particles thru a cell driven by atp
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| 2 types of bulk transport | exocytosis, endocytosis
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| exocytosis | substances are moved from cell interior to exterior
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| in exocytosis the substance to be released is first | enclosed in a mambraneous sac which fuses with cell membrane then ruptures
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| Examples of macoromolecules that get released by exocytosis include | mucus, waste, hormones, and neurotransmitters
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| Endocytosis | the passage of macromolecules into a cell driven by atp
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| in endocytosis cell membranes first | envelope material to be ingested then pinch it off in into the cytoplasm
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| Three types of endocytosis includes | phagosytosis, pinocytosis, recptor mediated endocytosis
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| phagocytosis | cell eating, cell membrane surrounds a solid material and destroys it.
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| pinocytosis | cell drinking
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| phagosome | is the membronous sac engulfed during phagocytosis
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| phagosomes often work with | lycosomes
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| An example of a phagosome is | macrophages and white bood cells
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| the pagocyte moves by | amoeboid moving using pseudopods
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| in pinocystosis cell membranes suck in a drop of intersitial fluid containing disoved solutes to form | pinocytotic vesicle
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| an example of a pinocytotic vesicle is | intestinal cells
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| receptor mediated endocytosis is | very selective
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| in Receptor mediated endocytosis receptors are | cell membrane proteins that bond with certain molecules
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| in RM endocytosis receptors and attached molecules are ingested forming a | coated pit
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| coated pit | bristle like protein clathrin that surrounds vescile.
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| example of RM endocytosis includes | insulin, ldl, and iron
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| coated pit combines with ____ to release it contents | lysosome
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Created by:
Renee Fazio
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