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biology ch 3
The cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Robert Hooke | discovered the plant cell |
| Schleiden & Schwann | discovered all living things are composed of cells |
| Rudolf Virckow | cell theory, cells only arise from other cells |
| All life can be described by the _______ | activities of a cell |
| Loss of cellular homeostasis | underlies nearly every disease |
| cell diameter ranges in size from | 2mm-10cm |
| Largest visible cell | ostrich egg cell |
| How large are human cells | 10 mm-100 mm |
| The largest human cell is the | human egg |
| cell length varies from | a few mm to 1 meter |
| Skeletel muscle cells are how long? | 30 cm |
| spinal cord nerve cells are how long? | 1 meter |
| what shape are red blood cells | disk shaped |
| Neurons take on what shape | tree branches |
| fat cells are what shape? | spherical |
| muscles sells are what shape? | long and skinny spindle shaped |
| what are the 3 parts of the generalized cell | nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma lemma |
| plasma lemma | cell membrane |
| How think is the plasma membrane | 7-8 nm thin |
| what is the makeup of a cell membrane? | dbl layer of phospholipid with protein molecules dispersed throughout. |
| 1 molecule of glucose makes up | 38 atp |
| what 3 functions do proteins serve within a cell | signs of recognition by immune systme, recptors for hormones and enzymes, transport nutrients across membranes |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | avoids water |
| all biological membranes are | dbl layer phospholipid with proteins |
| external lipid molecules attach | glycolipids |
| glycolipid | sugar group |
| cell membrane containes a significant amount of _____ to help stabalize. | cholesterol |
| membrane proteins are______ in order to interact with non polar parts and water inside and out | hydrophobic and hydrophilic, |
| Integral proteins | are transmembran proteins that protrude through the lipid bilayer |
| what is the primary function of integral proteins? | transport, form channels or pores or act as carriers |
| Peripheral proteins | are not inbedded in the lipid layer, attahed to integral proteins |
| mitochondria have their own seperate | DNA, recieved from the mother |
| some peripheral proteins are | enzymes |
| Peripharel proteins can _____ during cell division | change shape (dontraction of muscle cells |
| glycoproteins/sugar group are attached to | peripheral proteins |
| microvilli | finger-like projections of plasma membrane |
| Microvilli ____ the surface area | increase |
| where are microvilli comonly found | kidneys, tubules and intestinal cells |
| actin filaments | microvilli(contactile proteins that get long and short) |
| what are the 3 factors that bind cells? | glycoproteins/adhesive wavy nature of cell membranes membrane junctions |
| what are the 3 forms of juntions which bind a cell? | tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions |
| tight junctions | keeps inter-cellular fluid from passing from cell to cell |
| tight junctions function like a | zipper |
| an example of tight junctions | epithelial cells in the digestive tract |
| Desmosomes | act as mechanical connectors preventing tissue separation |
| in desmosomes, cell membranes don't touch one another, they are instead held together by | glycoprotein filaments anchored by keratin filaments in each cell. |
| spot desmosomes | anchor cells in certain spots |
| belt desmosomes | form bands around entire cell |
| Gap junctions | provide direct passage of chemical substances between adjacent cells |
| at junctions adjacent cell membranes are connected by | hollow channels made up of connexons |
| connexons | hollow channel transmembrane protein |
| gap junctions all ____ to pass from cell to cell | small molecules, sugars, ions |
| gap junctions are especially important in electrically excitable tissue such as | hear, smooth muscle, and some nerve cells |
| the plasma membrane functions as the | membrane transporter |
| intersitial fluid contains | nutrients, vitamins, wasteproducts, and neurotrasmitters |
| cell membranes are | selectively permeable |
| In what two ways can substances leave or enter a cell? | passive transport, active transport |
| passive transport | substances enter cell without spending energy (diffusion) |
| active transport | the cell must expend atp in order to move substance |
| diffusion | tendency of molecules or ions to scatter randomly and evenly |
| conentration gradient | greater the difference in 2 area the faster the diffusion |
| particles diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of | low concentration |
| simple diffusion | when a small non polar molecule passes through a lipid bilayer |
| if oxygen concentration is higher in blood than in tissues than____ | Oxygen will flow to tissues |
| very small polar or charged particles are ______ by the lipid bilayer but pass thru______ | repelled, but pass thru channel pores |
| osmolarity | total concentration of all solute paricles in a solution |
| osmosis | diffusion of water thru selectively permeable membrane |
| _____ is one of the only polar molecules which passes through membrane pores. | water |
| isotonic solution | solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the cells. |
| tonicity | ability of solution to change cell shape by changing internal water volume |
| hyptertonic solution | solution has higher concentration of solutes as the cells |
| if more water leaves the cell than enters the cell is said to become | flacid |
| hypotonic solution | solution has lower concentration of solutes as the cell |
| if more water enters the cell than leaves the cell will eventually | rutpure |
| why don't plant cells rupture? | B/c they have cell walls |
| hydrostatic pressure | back pressure exerted by water on a membrane |
| osmotic pressure | water attracting ability of plasma proteins |
| if hydrostatic pressure is equal to osmotic pressure than | osmosis stops |
| facilitated diffusion | when lipid insoluble molecules combine with lipid soluble protein carriers in order to pass through cell membranes. |
| facilitated diffusion is selective because | it depends on the unique structure of the substance. |
| which 4 substances are vital to cellular homeostasis and transport passively | oxygen, water, glucos and co2 |
| filtration | water and solutes are forced thru membrane of vessel wall by hydrostatic pressure of blood |
| hydrodstatic pressure | pushes filtration from high pressure to low presure |
| an example of a hydrostatic pressure system is | kidney filtration |
| filtration is not | selective |
| filtration removes everying except | blood cells and molecules to big to pass through pores |
| filtration is important especially to diabetics b/c | if blood sugar is high, urine sugar is high too. filtration removes the extra (sugar) |
| active processes are used when the substance is | too large to pass thru pores, cannot disolve in the the bilipid membrane, or must move against a concentration gradient |
| The two types of active transport processes are | facilitated diffusion and bulk transport |
| another name for active transport is | facilitated diffusion |
| active transport is similar to faciltated transport because | they both have carrier proteins |
| the main difference between active transport and facilitated transport is | facilitated transport will never go agains the gradient |
| In active transport enzyme like proteins serve as | cariers or solute pumps |
| solute pumps | move amino acid and ions against a concentration gradient |
| solute pumps must use____ in order to do work | ATP |
| Protein carriers change shape in order to | move bound solutes across a membrane |
| cells actively accumulate | amino acids |
| _____ is pumped against the concentration gradient into cells | amino acids |
| cells which have high K+ ion concentration and low NA + concentration move ions across when? | a nerve ending stimulates a muscle cell to contract |
| If muscle contraction is to proceed | K+ and na+ ions must return to their original positions |
| sodium potassium atpase | simultaneously moves na+ and K+ ions across cell membranes |
| bulk transport | the passage of macromoleules and large particles thru a cell driven by atp |
| 2 types of bulk transport | exocytosis, endocytosis |
| exocytosis | substances are moved from cell interior to exterior |
| in exocytosis the substance to be released is first | enclosed in a mambraneous sac which fuses with cell membrane then ruptures |
| Examples of macoromolecules that get released by exocytosis include | mucus, waste, hormones, and neurotransmitters |
| Endocytosis | the passage of macromolecules into a cell driven by atp |
| in endocytosis cell membranes first | envelope material to be ingested then pinch it off in into the cytoplasm |
| Three types of endocytosis includes | phagosytosis, pinocytosis, recptor mediated endocytosis |
| phagocytosis | cell eating, cell membrane surrounds a solid material and destroys it. |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| phagosome | is the membronous sac engulfed during phagocytosis |
| phagosomes often work with | lycosomes |
| An example of a phagosome is | macrophages and white bood cells |
| the pagocyte moves by | amoeboid moving using pseudopods |
| in pinocystosis cell membranes suck in a drop of intersitial fluid containing disoved solutes to form | pinocytotic vesicle |
| an example of a pinocytotic vesicle is | intestinal cells |
| receptor mediated endocytosis is | very selective |
| in Receptor mediated endocytosis receptors are | cell membrane proteins that bond with certain molecules |
| in RM endocytosis receptors and attached molecules are ingested forming a | coated pit |
| coated pit | bristle like protein clathrin that surrounds vescile. |
| example of RM endocytosis includes | insulin, ldl, and iron |
| coated pit combines with ____ to release it contents | lysosome |
Created by:
Renee Fazio
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