N170 Respiratory Study Aid
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| orthopnea | abnormal condition in which a person must use several pillows when lying down
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| atelectasis | Collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal resp. exchange of oxygen and CO2
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| hypoxia | inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
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| chest physiotherapy | A group of therapies used in combination to mobilize pulmonary secretions
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| postural drainage | positioning techniques that draw secretions from specific segments of lungs and bronchi into the trachea:
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| pneumothorax | The collection of air in the pleural space
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| hemothorax | An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae, usually a result of trauma:
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| pursed-lip breathing | This involves deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse
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| diaphragmatic breathing | This technique requires the client to relax intercostal and accesory resp. muscles while taking deep inspirations
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| Nasal Cannula: Flow rate and %O2 delivered | 24%-44% of concentrated oxygen delivered at 1-6 Liters per minute; Oxygen delivered is not affected by mouth breathing. Oxygen delivered is dependent on amount client respiratory effort and amount of room air inhaled with each breath
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| Simple face mask: Flow rate and %O2 delivered | Low flow oxygen mask - 5-10 liters per minute: delivers 35-50% O2; Used for short term therapy
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| Venturi Mask: Flow rate and %O2 delivered | High flow mask - 24%-60% concentrated oxygen delivered at 4-10 liters per minute. Most precise and consistent mask device.
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| Non rebreather mask: flow rate and % O2 delivered | Low flow oxygen face mask that delivers highest concentration of oxygen. 10 liters per minute; 60-80% oxygen
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| Diffusion | Process for exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli & the capillaries of the body tissue
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| Partial Rebreather Mask | Low flow oxygen mask with resevoir bag allows mix of room air and O2- 6-10 liters per minute; 40-70% O2
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| Base Excess | indicates the amount of bicarb available in the ECF normal value: +/- 2 mEq/L
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| Hemothorax | An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae, usually a result of trauma
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| Pneumothorax | Collection of air in the pleural space
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| HCO3- (bicarb) | normal 22-26 mEq/L (decreased in acidosis, increased in alkalosis)
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| pH | *negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration in mEq/L (as H+ ion concentration increases, pH decreases) *normal values 7.35 -7.45 (less is acidotic, more is alkalotic)
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| SaO2 | the percent of Hb saturated with O2, a calculated value
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| PaO2 | amount of oxygen available to bind with hemoglobin, amount of pressure exerted on O2 by plasma
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| BE "base excess" | indicates the amount of bicarb available in the ECF normal value: +/- 2 mEq/L
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| PaCO2 | *partial pressure of CO2 *reflects adequacy of alveolar ventilation, regulated by lungs, alterations indicate resp disturbance *normal values 35-45 mmHg (less is alkalotic, more is acidotic)
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| respiratory alkalosis CV signs | tachycardia, palpitations, increased myocardial irritability
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| respiratory alkalosis respiratory signs | rapid shallow breathing (trying to retain CO2, oxygenate), chest tightness
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| Causes of respiratory alkalosis | hyperventilation, sepsis/infection, over ventilation, hepatic cirrhosis
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| respiratory acidosis cardiac signs | hypotension, peripheral vasodilation weak thready pulse, tachycardia, warm flushed skin
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| respiratory acidosis respiratory signs | dyspnea, slow shallow respirations, hypoxia and hypoventilation, cyanosis
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| Causes of respiratory acidosis | respiratory depression/arrest, inadequate chest expansion, airway obstruction, interference with alveolar capillary exchange
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| respiratory acidosis CNS signs | HA, seizures, altered LOC, papilledema, twitching/tremors, drowsy --> coma
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| Respiratory acidosis CNS signs | paresthesia, dizzyness, confusion, tetany, convulsion, numb/tingling, light headed, anxiety/panic, Loss of consciousness, hyperactive reflexes
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| metabolic alkalosis respiratory signs | hypoventilation, respiratory failure
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| metabolic alkalosis CV signs | tachycardia, HTN, PVC, atrial tachycardia, dysthrythmias
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| Causes of metabolic alkalosis | vomiting, NG suctioning, eating bicarb-based antacids, diuretics
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| metabolic acidosis respiratory signs | Kussmaul/deep/rapid respirations, trying to blow off CO2
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| metabolic acidosis CNS signs | HA (from cerebral edema), lethargy, coma, confusion/restless, weakness
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| metabolic alkalosis GI signs | n/v, anorexia, paralitic ileus (hypokalemia)
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| metabolic acidosis GI signs | n/v, diarrhea, abdominal pain
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| Causes of metabolic acidosis | chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, starvation, renal failure, DKA, trauma, shock, sepsis, fever, salicylate toxicity
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| Cheyne Stokes Respiration | Rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep to very shallow breaths and temporary apnea
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| Kussmaul’s breathing | A form of hyperventilation demonstrated by an Increased rate and depth of respirations associated with metabolic acidosis
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| Stridor | Shrill harsh sound heard during inspiration with laryngeal obstruction
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| CO2 | Stimulator of the respiratory center
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| Hypoventilation | occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the body's oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient CO2
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| Hyperventilation | state of ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate the normal venous CO2 produced by cellular metabolism
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