Nat.Sensation&Perception
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| Sensation | activation of sensory receptors prior to perception
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| Perception | The process of interpreting sensory information
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| Bottom-up processing | Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
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| Top-down processing | Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
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| Absolute threshold | The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
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| Signal detection theory | Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus(signal) amid background stimulation(noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.
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| Subliminal | Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
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| Difference threshold | The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.
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| Weber's law | The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant ammount).
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| Sensory adaptation | Decreasing responsiveness to stimuli, due to constant stimulation.
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| Feature detectors | neurons in the visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
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| Constancy (size, shape, color) | Our ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes due to changing angles, variations in light, distance et.
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| Sensory habituation | our perception of sensations is partially due to how focused we are on them
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| Cocktail-party phenomenom | involuntary change of attention when you hear your name
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| Kinesthesis [kin-ehs-THEE-sehs] | sensing the position and movement of specific body parts.
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| Vestibular sense | The sense of where our body is in space including the sense of balance.
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| Gate-control theory | high priority pain messages open the neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals and allows them to pass on to the brain while blocking lower priority pain messages
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| Gustation | chemical sense of taste
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| Olfaction | chemical sense of smell
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| Proximity | objects that are close together are likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
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| Similarity | objects that are similar in appearance are likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
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| Continuity | objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as being in the same group
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| Closure | Like top-down processing, objects that make a recognizable image are likely to perceived even if the image contains gaps that the mind fills in
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| Gestalt rules | describe the principles that govern how we perceive groups of objects
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| Perceptual set | a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way
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| Transduction | translation of incoming stimuli into neural signals
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| Energy senses | vision, hearing, touch
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| Chemical senses | taste and smell
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