Psych 4325 Drugs and Alcohol ch 2 notes
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Alveoli | Air sacs in th lungs that absorb oxygen or drugs into the blood
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| IV drug use | injectin a drug into a vein
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| Mucous membranes | Tissues lining the bose, gums, cheeks, etic, where drugs can be absorbed.
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| Insufflation | snorting a drug through the nose to be absorbed by nucous membranes
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| sublingual use | putting a drug under the tongue so it will be absorbed by mucous membranes
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| Capiliaries | tiny blood vessel lining the intestinal walls and mucous membranes that can absorb drugs
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| Contact absorption | drug absorbtion through the skin
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| Drug distribution | the process of getting a drug from its site absorbtion to the rest of the body
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| Blood-brain barrier | A barrier in the brain that allows only certain substances to penetrate
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| Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord that contains 100 billion nerve cells and 100 trillion connections
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | A network of nerve cells that connect the central nervous system with it's internal and external environments
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| Autonomic nervous system | Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary internal functions such as circulation
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| Somatic nervous system | Part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory information to the skin, muscles, and joints.
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| Evolutionary perspective | A theory that loks at physiological changes in the brian as survival adaptations
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| Old brain | Part of the brain in all animals that experiences basic emotions and cravings and imprints survival memories.
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| New brain | The neocortex or outer brain that allows us to speak, reason, create, and remember
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| Reward/Reinforcement center | Part of the old brain that encourages a human being to remeber and repeat an action that promotes survival
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| Mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway | Another name for the reward/reinforcement center.
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| Nucleus accumbens | Part of the reward reinforcement center that is a powerul reinforcer
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| Satiation center | The part of the brain that tells us when wer are satisfied.
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| Imprinting | The neural process of writing an emotional memory of euphoria or pain relief on the brain
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| On/Off switches | Parts of the brain that trigger craving and stop craving
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| Satiation point | The level of satisfaction that stops craving
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| Nerve cells (neurons) | Building clocks of the nervous system, each containing four essential parts: dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and terminals
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| Synaptic gap | The space between the terminal of one and the adjoining cell
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| Neurontransmitters | Microscopic bits of messenger chemicals that transmit messages from cell to another
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| Vesicles | Storage sacs in nerve cells that hold neurontransmitters
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| Endorphines/enkephalins | Pain control neurontransmitters developed inside the body.
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| Norepinephrine/epinephrine | Neurontransmitters that provide energy for the body
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| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter that stimulates the reward/reinforcement center
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| Serotonin | A neurotransmitter that helps control mood stability including depression and anxiety.
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| GABA | An inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in 25-40% of all synapses in the brain.
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| Anandamide | A neurotransmitter that has an affinity for receptor sites that accommodate the THC in marijuana
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| Receptor | A cellular mechanism on a nerve cell that is designed to receive a compatible neurotransmitter
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| Reuptake ports | Mechanisms on the tips of neurons that reabsorb neurontransmitters
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| Agonists | Psychoactive drugs that mimic or facilitate the effects of neurontransmitters
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| Antagonists | Psychoactive drugs that block neurontransmitters
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| Tolerance | The adaptation of the body to accommodate larger and larger amounts of a drug
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| Tissue dependence | Biological changes in the body due to prolonged use of drugs.
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| Psychological dependence | The formation of thoughts and emotions that create a mental dependence on a drug
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| Withdrawal | The body's attempt to rebalance itself after cessation of prolonged use of a psychoactive drug
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| Metabolism | The body's mechanism for processing, using, and inactivating a drug or food in the body.
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| Excretion | The process of eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body.
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| Liver | The key metabolic organ that breaks down and process the chemical structure of drugs.
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| Kidneys | The key excretory organs that filter waste from the blood and into urine
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| Abstinence | Avoiding any use of a psychoactive drug
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| Experimentation | Occasional use of a drug to satisfy curiosity-only limited negative consequences.
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| Social/recreational | A level of drug use where the person seeks and uses a known drug but there is no established pattern
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| Habituation | A definite pattern of drug use with few negative consequences
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| Drug abuse | The continued use of a drug despite negative consequences
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| Addiction | Loss of control over drug use and continues use despite negative consequences
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| Substance-related disorders | A category of mental illnesses that includes substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders
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| Substance use disorders | Patterns of drug use especially substance dependence and substance abuse
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| Substance-induced disorders | Conditions caused by use of specific drugs intoxication, withdrawal, and certain mental disorders
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| Addictive disease model | This medical model maintains that addiction is most influenced by heredity
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| Behavioral/environmental model | The model says that environmental factors can change brain chemisty
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| Academic model | In this model, addition occurs when the body adapts to the toxic effects of drugs at the biochemical level.
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| Diathesis-stress theory of addiction | This theory says that genetic and environmental predisposition to substance abuse aggravated by drug use can cause addiction.
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| Heredity | The process whereby phsyical and behavioral traits are passed by genes from one generation to another
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| Twin studies | THe use of indentical twins raised in the same or in different environments to study the influence of heredity on addiction.
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| DRD2A1 Allele gene | The first gene discovered that signals a tendency to alcoholism(and other addictions)
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| Environmental influences | Factors that foster addiction including abuse, stress, family relationships, and peer pressure
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| SPECT scan | Single photon emission computerized tomography scan
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| PET scan | Positron emission tomography scan
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| CAT scan | Computereized axial tomography x-ray scan
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| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging scan
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