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Psych D&A ch 2 notes
Psych 4325 Drugs and Alcohol ch 2 notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alveoli | Air sacs in th lungs that absorb oxygen or drugs into the blood |
| IV drug use | injectin a drug into a vein |
| Mucous membranes | Tissues lining the bose, gums, cheeks, etic, where drugs can be absorbed. |
| Insufflation | snorting a drug through the nose to be absorbed by nucous membranes |
| sublingual use | putting a drug under the tongue so it will be absorbed by mucous membranes |
| Capiliaries | tiny blood vessel lining the intestinal walls and mucous membranes that can absorb drugs |
| Contact absorption | drug absorbtion through the skin |
| Drug distribution | the process of getting a drug from its site absorbtion to the rest of the body |
| Blood-brain barrier | A barrier in the brain that allows only certain substances to penetrate |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord that contains 100 billion nerve cells and 100 trillion connections |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | A network of nerve cells that connect the central nervous system with it's internal and external environments |
| Autonomic nervous system | Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary internal functions such as circulation |
| Somatic nervous system | Part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory information to the skin, muscles, and joints. |
| Evolutionary perspective | A theory that loks at physiological changes in the brian as survival adaptations |
| Old brain | Part of the brain in all animals that experiences basic emotions and cravings and imprints survival memories. |
| New brain | The neocortex or outer brain that allows us to speak, reason, create, and remember |
| Reward/Reinforcement center | Part of the old brain that encourages a human being to remeber and repeat an action that promotes survival |
| Mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway | Another name for the reward/reinforcement center. |
| Nucleus accumbens | Part of the reward reinforcement center that is a powerul reinforcer |
| Satiation center | The part of the brain that tells us when wer are satisfied. |
| Imprinting | The neural process of writing an emotional memory of euphoria or pain relief on the brain |
| On/Off switches | Parts of the brain that trigger craving and stop craving |
| Satiation point | The level of satisfaction that stops craving |
| Nerve cells (neurons) | Building clocks of the nervous system, each containing four essential parts: dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and terminals |
| Synaptic gap | The space between the terminal of one and the adjoining cell |
| Neurontransmitters | Microscopic bits of messenger chemicals that transmit messages from cell to another |
| Vesicles | Storage sacs in nerve cells that hold neurontransmitters |
| Endorphines/enkephalins | Pain control neurontransmitters developed inside the body. |
| Norepinephrine/epinephrine | Neurontransmitters that provide energy for the body |
| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter that stimulates the reward/reinforcement center |
| Serotonin | A neurotransmitter that helps control mood stability including depression and anxiety. |
| GABA | An inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in 25-40% of all synapses in the brain. |
| Anandamide | A neurotransmitter that has an affinity for receptor sites that accommodate the THC in marijuana |
| Receptor | A cellular mechanism on a nerve cell that is designed to receive a compatible neurotransmitter |
| Reuptake ports | Mechanisms on the tips of neurons that reabsorb neurontransmitters |
| Agonists | Psychoactive drugs that mimic or facilitate the effects of neurontransmitters |
| Antagonists | Psychoactive drugs that block neurontransmitters |
| Tolerance | The adaptation of the body to accommodate larger and larger amounts of a drug |
| Tissue dependence | Biological changes in the body due to prolonged use of drugs. |
| Psychological dependence | The formation of thoughts and emotions that create a mental dependence on a drug |
| Withdrawal | The body's attempt to rebalance itself after cessation of prolonged use of a psychoactive drug |
| Metabolism | The body's mechanism for processing, using, and inactivating a drug or food in the body. |
| Excretion | The process of eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. |
| Liver | The key metabolic organ that breaks down and process the chemical structure of drugs. |
| Kidneys | The key excretory organs that filter waste from the blood and into urine |
| Abstinence | Avoiding any use of a psychoactive drug |
| Experimentation | Occasional use of a drug to satisfy curiosity-only limited negative consequences. |
| Social/recreational | A level of drug use where the person seeks and uses a known drug but there is no established pattern |
| Habituation | A definite pattern of drug use with few negative consequences |
| Drug abuse | The continued use of a drug despite negative consequences |
| Addiction | Loss of control over drug use and continues use despite negative consequences |
| Substance-related disorders | A category of mental illnesses that includes substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders |
| Substance use disorders | Patterns of drug use especially substance dependence and substance abuse |
| Substance-induced disorders | Conditions caused by use of specific drugs intoxication, withdrawal, and certain mental disorders |
| Addictive disease model | This medical model maintains that addiction is most influenced by heredity |
| Behavioral/environmental model | The model says that environmental factors can change brain chemisty |
| Academic model | In this model, addition occurs when the body adapts to the toxic effects of drugs at the biochemical level. |
| Diathesis-stress theory of addiction | This theory says that genetic and environmental predisposition to substance abuse aggravated by drug use can cause addiction. |
| Heredity | The process whereby phsyical and behavioral traits are passed by genes from one generation to another |
| Twin studies | THe use of indentical twins raised in the same or in different environments to study the influence of heredity on addiction. |
| DRD2A1 Allele gene | The first gene discovered that signals a tendency to alcoholism(and other addictions) |
| Environmental influences | Factors that foster addiction including abuse, stress, family relationships, and peer pressure |
| SPECT scan | Single photon emission computerized tomography scan |
| PET scan | Positron emission tomography scan |
| CAT scan | Computereized axial tomography x-ray scan |
| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging scan |
Created by:
tiffyann20
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