Sociology Chapter 3
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| Culture | Refers to the learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society.
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| Society | A group of people who share a culture and a defined territory.
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| Characteristics of Culture | -Learned
-Transmitted from one generation to the next
-Shared
-Adaptive and always changing
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| Material Culture | Consists of the physical objects that people make, use, and share
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| Nonmaterial Culture | The ideas that people create to interpret and understand the world
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| Symbol | Anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture
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| Language | A system of shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another
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| Why Language is important? | Makes us human: its coveys our ideas, transmits information, and influences people's attitudes and behavior o
Directs our thinking, control our actions, and shapes our expression of emotions
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| Values | the standards by which people define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly
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| Major U.S Values | -Achievement and success
-Humanitarianism
-Efficiency and practicality
-Progress
- Material possessions
-Freedom and equality
-Conformity
-Democracy
-Individualism
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| Norms | Specific rules of right and wrong behavior
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| Folkways | Norms that involve everyday customs, practices, and interaction
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| Mores | Norms that people consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior
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| Laws | Formally defined norms about what is legal or illegal
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| Sanctions | Rewards for good or appropriate behavior and/or penalties for bad or inappropriate behavior
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| Rituals | Formal and repeated behavior that unite people
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| Cultural Universals | Customs and practices that are common to all societies
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| Ideal Culture | The beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold or follow
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| Real Culture | People's actual everyday behavior
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| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own culture, society, or group is inherently superior that others
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| Cultural Relativism | The belief that no culture is better than another and should be judged by its own standards
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| Subculture | A group within society that has distinctive norms, values, beliefs, lifestyles, or language
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| Counterculture | A group within society that openly opposes and rejects some of the dominant culture's norms, values, or laws
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| Multiculturalism | The coexistence of several cultures in same geographic area, without one culture dominant another
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| Culture Shock | Confusion, disorientation, or anxiety that accompanies exposure to unfamiliar way of life
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| High Culture | The cultural expression of society's highest social classes
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| Popular Culture | The beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widespread among a population
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| Cultural Capital | Resources and assets that give a group advantages.
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| Mass Media | Forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people
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| Cultural Imperialism | The cultural values and products of society influence or dominate those of another
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| Cultural Integration | The consistency of various aspects of society that promotes order and stability
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| Cultural Lag | The gap that occurs when material culture changes faster than nonmaterial culture
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