Paramedic
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| What can weaken the left ventricle? | Excessice Preload
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| What color does the pericardial sac need to be? | Staw colored
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| Starlings Law | Law of physiology statin that the more myocardium is stretched up to a certain amount the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be.
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| Blood Pressure equation | stroke volume times heart rate times systemic vascular reisitance.
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| Tricuspid valve location | Between the atrium and right ventricle
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| Pulmonary Valve location | between the ventricle and pulmonary artery
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| Mitral valve or bicupsid valve location | Left atrium to left ventricle
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| Aortic valve location | Left ventricle to the aortic valve.
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| Excitability | the cells can respond to an electrical stimulous, like other myocardial cells
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| Conductivity | The cells can propogate the impluse from one cell to another
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| Automaticity | Pacemaker cells capability of self depolarization
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| Contractility | Ability of muscle cells to contract, or shorten
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| What does a pathological Q wave on an EKG indicate? | Tissue death, may also indicate extensive transient ischemia
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| What happens when stroke volume decreases? | The systemic vascular resistance will increase to maintain blood pressure and heart rate will increase
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| During resting potention the cardiac cell should be doing what? | The inside of the cell should be more negativly charged.
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| Resting potential | The normal electrical state of a cardiac cell
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| Describe the s1 heart sound | Produced by the closure of the AV valve during ventricular systole
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| Describe the s2 heart sound | produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
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| What are normal heart sounds> | s1 and s2
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| when you educate the public on heart disease you should include what? | Risk factorssigns and symptomshear disease
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| How many seconds is a small box and a big box on a EKG | Small = 0.04Big= 0.20
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| What does the left coronary artery supply? | Left ventricle, the interventricular septum, part of the right ventricle, and the hearts conduction system.
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| What does the right coronary artery supply? | Portion of the right artium and left ventricle and part of the conduction system
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| What is the first phaze of the cardiac cycle? | Diastole
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| What are the early signs of hyperkalemia? | Pointed T wave
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| What is a EKG useful for? | Rate and heartbeatregularity of the heartbeattimes to take the conduct the impluse through the various parts of the heart
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| Things an EKG cannot detect? | Presence of location of an infarct, axis deviatioin or chamber enlargement, right to left differences or impluse formation, quatily or presenceof the pumping action.
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| What does ST elevation mean? | Injury, most often the early sign of a MI
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| Pulseless Paradox | Abnormally large decrease in systolic b.p more than 10 torr
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| What might pulseless paradox mean? | Tamponade, adhesive pericarditis and sever ling disease and advanced heart failure
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| What part of the EKG represents ventricular depolarization? | QRS complex
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| Define a postive inotropic agent | Strengthens cardiac contraction
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| Deince negative inotropic effects | Weakens cardiac contraction
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| Define a positive chronotropix agent | Insreses heart rate
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| DEfine a negative chronotropic agent | Decreases h.r
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| DEfine a postive dromotropic agent | Speeds impulse conduction
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| Define a negative dromotropic agent | slows conduction
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| SA node firing rate | 60-100
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| AV node firing rate | 40-60
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| Purkinje system firing rate | 15-40
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| What is the myocradium | The thick middle layer of the heart
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| how many cells does the capillary wall consist of ? | a single layer thick
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| The aterty and veins innermost layer | The tunica intima
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| The middle layer of arteries and veins | Tunica media it consists of elastic fibers and muscle
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| The outermost layer of arterys? | Tunica adventitia, a fibrous tissue covering gives the muscle strength to withstand the pressure of heart contractions
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| The cavity inside the vessel | Lumen
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| How big does the q wave have to be to be significant? | at least one small square wide lasting 0.04 sec or is more than one third the height of the qrs complex
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| What would the ekg of a hypokalemix pt be? | A flattened t wave and a prominent u waveS
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| What is the approproate way the heart fires? | 1.sa node2. av node3. bundle of his4. right and left bundle brances5. purkinje system
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| Ejection Fraction definition | Ratio of blood pumped from the ventrcles to the amount remaining at the end of diastole
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| Stroke volume | Amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction
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| Preload | The pressure within the ventricles at the end of diastole, commonly called the end of diastole volume
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| Afterload | The resistane against which the heart must pump
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| Cardiac Deploarization | The cell is more positive, a reversal od changes at the cell membrane so that he inside of the cell becomes positive in relation to the outside.
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| Where are the sympathetic nerves of the cardiac plexus located?? | Thoracic and lumbar regions
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| If your looking at a ekg where would you see the relative refractory period? | The downslope of the T wave
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| Equation for cardiac output | Venous return stroke volume and preload
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| Things that increase the risk of cardiac disease | smokingolder agefamily historyhypertensionhypercholesteroemiacarbohydrate intolerancecocainemaleslack of exersice
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| What does the QRS complex represent | Ventricular depolarization
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| What fraction is stroke volume of the left ventricle | 2/3
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| Relative refractory period | a period in the cardiac cycle when a sufficently strong stimulous may produce depolarization
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| Absoloute Refractory period | A period in the cardiac cycle when the stimulation will not produce and depolarization
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| what are the pericardium layers? | Vicseral and pariteal
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| Normal QT interval? | 0.42
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| Where the Apex is located? | just above the diaphragm, left of the midline
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| Where is the base located? | Approx at the level of the second rib
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| what is a pacing rhythm | Wife QRS complex
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| Where is the Av node located? | Lower part of the right atrium
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| how many people each year die from CVD | 466,000
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| Factors that are though to increase the rish of cvd | dietobesitytype a personailitystressbirth control
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| The only vein that carrys oxygenated blood? | Pulmonary veins
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| The hearts two sets of valves | Atrioventricular and semilunar
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| What is the right atrioventricular valve called? | TRicuspid
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| What is the left atriovent valve called? | Mitral
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| What are the mital and tricuspif valce connected too? | special papillary muschles in the ventricles aka chordae tendonae
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| What is atrial systole | Relativly quick boost occurs right before vent contracttions right before cardiac output
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| bipolar limb leads | Leads 1, 2 and 3 applied to the arms and legs contains two electrodes of opposite polarity
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| What are the augmented leads? | aVR aVL aVF
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| Normal PR interva;? | 0,12-0.20
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| Normal QRS | 0.08-0.12
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| Normal QT | o.33-0.42
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| Dysrhythmia | Any deviation from the normal electrical rhythm of the heart
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| Arhythmia | The absence of cardiac electrical activity
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| Cardiovascualr diease | Disease affectiong the heart and blood vesels or both
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| Coronary hear disease | a type of cvd the singlemost largest killer of americans
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| Poiseullies law | blood flow through a vessel is directly porportionate to the radius if the vessek ti tge fourht power
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| A group of cardiac muscle that function as one unit | syncytium
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| Special bands if tissue insereted between myocarduak cekks that increase the ate at which the action potential is spread from cell to cell | intercallated discs
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| action potential | stimulation of cells spreads across the myocardium
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| What is corrected QT | qt divided by the square root of the rr
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| Ectopic focus | nonpacemaker heart cell that automatically depolarizes
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| Ectopic beat | cardiac depolarization resulting from depolarization of ectopic focus
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| noncompensatory pause | pause folliwng an ectopic beat where the sa node is depolarized and the unerlyingcadence of the heart is interupted
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| aberrant conduction | condustion of the electrial impulse through the heards conductive system in an abnormal fashion
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| bundle brance block | a kind of interventricular heart block in which conduction through either the right of left bundle brach is blocked
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| bundle of kent | an accesory av conductuon path that is thought to be responsibe for the ecg fingings of preexcitation syndrome
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