digest ch 23
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| What are the 7 main parts of GI tract? | Mouth, pharynx esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and anal canal
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| What are the accessory digestive organs? | teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, pancreas, liver
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| what are the 6 basic activities of the GI tract? | Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption/secretion, defecation
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| How is food moved through the GI tract? | Perostalsis
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| What is similar about the GI tract from the esophagus to the anal canal? | Has the same basic arrangements of tissues
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| What are the four basic layers of the tract from the inside out? | Mucosa, submucosa, Muscularis, serosa
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| What are the three layers of the mucosa? | epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
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| What is the function of the epithelium in the mucosa? | protection, secretion & absorption
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| What is the function of the lamina propia layer in the mucosa? | (connective tissue) blood and lymphatic vessels for nutrient absorption
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| What is the function of the muscularis mucosa of the mucosa? | (smooth muscle fibers) create small folds to increase surface area
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| What is the purpose of the submucosa? | (connective tissue) sits between two layers of muscle-binds the mucosa to the muscularis
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| What contains the submucosal nerve plexus? | submucosa
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| What does the submucosal nerve plexus serve? | muscularis mucosa and controls secretions by the GI tract
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| Which part of the digestive system requires some voluntary control? | Mouth, pharynx and upper esophagus and external anal sphincter-part skeletal muscle for voluntary swallowing and defecation
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| What kind of muscle does the GI tract have? | 2 layers of smooth muscle:circular & longitudinal
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| What is the exception regarding the muscle in the GI tract? | The stomach has 3 layers of muscle where as the rest has 2 layers
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| What is the myenteric plexus? | nervous supply to muscle
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| Similar to the heart and lungs, what might we call the tissue that covers the surface of GI tract organs? | Serosa
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| What kind of tissue does the serosa include? | connective and epithelium
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| What are the layers of the peritoneum and where do you find them? | visceral & parietal
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| what is the definition of retroperitoneal cavity? | Is the anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum.
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| What are some examples of organs that lie on the posterior wall and are only covered on their anterior surfaces? | most of pancreas, and parts of the large intestines
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| What is a retroperitoneal organ? | An organ that lies posterior to the peritoneum
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| What is a mesentery? | a double layer of peritoneum-a sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back
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| Where is the greater omentum located? | hangs over the transverse colon like a vascular apron
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| What is a function of the omentum? | protection, insulation
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| what does the mesentary do? | binds small intestines to the abdominal wall
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| what does the mesocolon do? | binds large intestines to posterior body wall
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| what does the lesser omentum do? | binds lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
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| what is a complication of cirrhosis of the liver? | encephalopathy, ascites(exess of fluid in the space between membranes lining the abdomen and abdominal organs)
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| which part of the digestive tract have 3 layers of muscle in their muscularis tissue layer? | stomach
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| Which layer of the digestive tract is made up of mostly connective tissue and sits between two layers of muscle? | submucosa
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| How long is the esophogus? | 10in long
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| what is the spincter called that is the entrance of the esophagus? | esophageal sphincter
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| what event coincides with the relaxation of the esophageal sphincter? | swallowing
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| Where does the esophagus enter the peritoneal cavity? | at the esophageal hiatus
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| what are the three muscle layers of the stomach? | outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique layer
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| What are the names of the parts of the stomach? | cardia, fundus, body, pyloric
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| what is the pylorus? | gatekeeper of the stomach
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| How does the stomach assist with digestion? | Mechanically:peristaltic mixing, churning and mixing
Chemically: adds chemicals to breakdown protein
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| How much absorption happens in the stomach? | very little
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| What is the first section of the small intestines/ | duodenum
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| How do we describe the location of the duodenum? | retroperitoneal cavity
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| What does the duodenum recieve from the stomach? | chyme
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| What does the duodenum recieve through the hepatopancreatic ampulla? | Bile, pancreatic juice, enzymes
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| Where does absorption take place? | in the jejunum of the small intestine
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| How long is the jejunum? | 8ft
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| How long is the ileum? | 12ft
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| What is the longest and last section of the small intestines/ | ileum
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| where is the ileocecal valve located? | point at which the ileum enters the cecum
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| How do the contents of the digestive system change once in the large intestines and why? | Chyme converted to semisolid stool or feces, due to water absorption
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| What is the cecum? | expanded pouch at the base of the ascending colon
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| What accessory organ is attached to the cecum? | the vermiform APPENDIX
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| What are the 4 parts to the colon? | ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid
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| The walls of the colon are formed by a series of what that allow for distention? | haustra
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| Digestion in the G.I. tract depends on 3 accessory structures? | pancreas, liver and gallbladder
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| Where does the majority of absorption of nutrients occur? | small intestines
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| Where is the pancreas located? | in the retroperitoneal cavity-posterior and inferior to the stomach
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| where does the pancreas empty? | the duodenum
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| what are the two ducts of the pancreas that empty into the duodenum? | smaller accessory duct & the larger pancreatic duct(heptopancreatic ampulla)
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| What does the pancreas secrete? | digestive enzymes and hormones(insulin)
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| What are the 4 lobes of the liver? | right & left lobe-separated by falciform ligament, quadrate lobe and caudate lobe
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| what separates the right and left lobe of the liver? | falciform ligament
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| which two vessels bring blood to the liver? | hepatic artery and portal vein
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| What type of blood does the hepatic artery carry? | oxygenated blood to the liver
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| what type of blood does the portal vein carry? | nutrient rich blood to the liver
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| Portal vein to where? | to liver
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| Splenic from where? | spleen
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| Veins carrying products of digestion do not directly enter the systemic circulation instead they are delivered to where? | to the liver via the portal vien
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| What does the liver do? | metabolizes nutrients from GI, detoxification, bile production & secretiion, storage of glycagon + some vitamins and minerals
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| Where is the bile produced and excreted? | the liver
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| What does the gallbladder do? | stores and concentrates bile up to 10 fold until it is needed in the small intestines
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| Smooth muscle in wall of gallbladder contract causing what to happen? | bile forced into cystic duct, bile duct and than small intestine
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| what is bile used for? | digestion of fat
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| where does the gallbladder force bile into? | the cystic duct, the bile duct, small intestines
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| intrinsic muscles do what to the tongue? | change the shape
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| extrinsic muscles do what to the tongue | alter the tongues position
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| what is the lingual frenulum? | attachment to the floor of the mouth=tongue tied
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| which taste buds are the only ones you can see? | circumvallate papilla
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| which salivary gland does the mumps effect? | parotid
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| what is saliva secreted from? | serous and mucous cells
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| what is the main component of saliva? | water
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| how much water makes up saliva? | 97-99.5%
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| what electrolytes are found in saliva? | na+, k+, cl-,po4 2-, hco3-(bicarbonate)
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| what is the enzyme that starts digesting starch in the mouth? | salivary amylase
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| what is the enzyme that starts digesting fat in the mouth? | lingual lypase
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| what wraps the bolus so it can slide down the throat>? | mucin
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| what metabolic wastes are found in the saliva? | urea, and uric acid
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| what is found in saliva that helps protect against microorganisms? | lysozyme, IgA, defensins and a cyanide compound
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| What does peridontitis effect? | the tooth ligament(periodontal)
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| what is the gingiva? | gum
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| how many primary teeth do we have? | 20
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| how many permanent teeth> | 32
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| why doesnt enamel grow back? | because its avascular
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| what makes up the majority of the tooth? | dentin
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| where are the blood vessels and nerves found in the tooth? | in the pulp
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| what does the periodontal ligament adhere to? | the cementum
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| what does occlusion mean? | How teeth fit together
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| where does the start of digestion occur? | in the mouth with mastification(chewing)
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| what begins the breakdown of disaccharides(sugars) in the mouth? | salivary amylase
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| what do liver lobules do? | filter and process nutrient-rich blood
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| What is at each corner of the liver lobule? | bile duct(recieves bile from bile canaliculi)portal arteriole(branch of the hepatic artery)Hepatic venule(a branch of the hapatic portal vein)
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| what are liver sinusoids? | leaky capillaries between hepatic plates
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| what are kupffer cells | hepatic macrophages
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| where does the blood enter the liver> | the portal vein
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| what is entering the liver through the portal vein? | blood from entire GI tract
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| what are the functions of the hepatocyte? | process bloodborne nutrients, store fat-soluble vitamins, perform detoxification, and produce 900 ml of bile per day
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| what is a yellow-green *alkaline* solution called? | bile
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| what does bile contain? | bile salts, bilirubin,cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids and electrolytes
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| what are bile salts? | cholesterol derivative that function in fat emulsification and absorption
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| what is bilirubin? | pigment formed from heme
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| what is the enterohepatic circulation> | recycles bile salts
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| what is the circulation route of bile through the enterohepatic circulation> | bile salts-duodenum-reabsorbed from ileum-hepatic portal blood-liver-secreted into bile
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| the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile by doing what? | by absorbing its water and ions
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| the gallbladder releases bile via what? | the cystic duct
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| where does the cystic duct flow into> | the bile duct
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| the liver is a what kind of system>? | low pressure
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| how prevalent is Hep C? | 1.8% of US population
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| what is the largest source of people with Hep C infection? | injecting drug us 60%
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| what is compensated liver disease? | the body is coping(compensating) well enough to function and stay alive..with the disease
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| what is decompensated liver disease? | the body can no longer cope with the disease and is failing to survive
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| what is varices? | esophogas vericose veins
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| the hepatic vein takes filtered blood to where? | the heart
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| Hepatic vein obstruction leads to what>? | ascites
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| what are the symptoms of ascites? | coughing, tiredness, pulmonary edema(excess fluid in the lungs)pumping action of the heart grows weaker, pleural effusion(excess fluid around the lungs) swelling in abdomen, swelling in ankles and legs
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| what is the earliest sign of ascites? | swelling of abdomen
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| what is the best way to detect ascites? | ultrasound
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| what is hepatic encephalopathy> | It is characterized by various neurologic symptoms including changes in reflexes, changes in consciousness, memory loss, confusion..coma
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| what is one of the causes of hepatic encephalopathy? | failure to metabolize amonia
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| what are some causes of a peptic ulcer? | high acid and peptic content, irritation, poor blood supply, poor secretion of mucus, H. Pylori infection
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| where in the stomach are peptic ulcer more likely to be | down by the pyloric area or cardia area
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| Most ulcers are caused by what? | infection, not spicy food
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| what is the most common ulcer symptom> | burning pain in stomach
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| can ulcers be cured for good? | yes, because of antibiotics for H. Pylori
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| where are the H pylori bacteria found in the stomach? | mucosa layer
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| Metastasized colon cancers frequently cause what? | secondary liver cancer
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| 90% of colon cancers are found at what age? | past age 50
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| mastication is partly voluntary and partly what? | reflexive
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| What enzymes aid in chemical digestion in the mouth? | lipase, amylase
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| what is deglutition? | swallowing
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| What two things rise in order to prevent food from entering the respiratory passageway? | uvula and larynx
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| what sphincter relaxes to allow food to enter the esophagus? | the esophageal sphincter
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| food is moved through the esophagus to the stomach by what? | peristalsis
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| where does the involuntary phase begin in swallowing? | when the food bolus is forced into the oropharynx
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| what sphincter must open in order to allow food into the stomach | the gasteroesophageal
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| what does the lesser omentum connect? | liver to stomach
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| where is the greater omentum located? | hangs from greater curvature of stomach and hangs over transverse section of large intestines
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| what are the gastric glands | mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells
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| what do the mucous neck cells secrete? | thin, acidic mucus
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| what do the parietal cells secrete? | stomach acid (HCL)
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| what do the chief cells secrete | pepsin and gastric lipase
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| protein digestion is initiated by what? | pepsin
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| intrinsic factor is required for absorption of what? | vitamin B12
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| lack of intrinsic factor results in what/ | pernicious anemia
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| what delivers chyme to the small intestine? | the stomach
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| what produces most of the gastric juices in the stomach? | THE FUNDUS AND BODY
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| WHAT DO PARIETAL CELLS SECRETE? | HCL(hydrochloric acid or gastic juice) and intrinsic factor
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| what does HCL do> | denatures protein in food, activates pepsin and kills many bacteria
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| what activates pepsin? | HCL
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| pepsin works best in what kind of environment? | ACIDIC(LOW PH)
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| what buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to the epithelium of the stomach? | bicarbonate
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| What does intrinsic factor do? | complexes with vitamin b12 to permit absorption
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| where do hormones go in the body? | everywhere
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| which three chemicals stimulate parietal cells? | Ach, histamine, and gastrin
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| Does hydrochloric acid directly function in digestion? | no, it kills microorganisms, lowers the stomach pH to between 1.5 and 2.5; and activates pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is an enzyme that starts protein digestion. Pepsinogen is produced in cells that line the gastric pits. It is activated by cleaving off a porti
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| what inhibits gastric secretion and duodenal filling? | enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones
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| which chyme moves quickly through the duodenum? | carbohydrate rich
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| which chyme moves slowly through the duodenum? | fatty chyme
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| where is chemical digestion completed? | in the small intestines
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| where is the majority of water absorbed? | in the small intestines
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| how long does food stay in the small intestines/ | 3-6 hours
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| where is the small intestine located? | from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
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| which of the small intestines is largest? | ileum
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| what do the circular folds(plicae circulares) do? | slows chyme down
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| what are the simple columnar absorptive cells called>? | enterocytes
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| where are peyers patches located? | in the submucosa of the small intestines
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| what does the pancreas excrete? | insulin and glucagon
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| what do acini in the pancreas secrete? | pancreatic juice
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| what are acini cells? | clusters of secretory cells
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| zymogen granules of secretory cells contain what>? | digestive enzymes
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| where is the pancreas located> | mostly retroperitoneal
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| Pancreatic juice is what type of solution? | watery alkaline(PH 8) that neutralizes chyme
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| what type of electrolytes are in pancreatic juice? | primarily HCO3-
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| What enzymes are in the pancreatic juice? | amylase, lipases, nucleases are secreted in active form but require ions or bile for optimal activity
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| Proteases is secreted in the pancreatic juice in what form?? | inactive
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| where is the proteases activated? | in the duodenum
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| trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by what? | brush border enzyme enteropeptidase
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| where is trypsinogen activated at? | in the pancreas
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| what is trypsinogen activated into? | trypsin
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| what are activated by trypsin? | procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen
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| where is the pancreas located in the abdominal cavity? | upper left quadrant
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| what stimulates the gallbladder to contract? | CCK from intestinal cells exposed to proteins and fat chyme
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| what causes the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax? | cck
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| bile comes back through what? | the portal system
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| bile secretion is stimulated by what? | bile salts in enterohepatic circulation &n secretion from intestinal cells exposed to HCL and fatty chyme
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| cck induces the secretion of what? | enzyme rich pancreatic juice by acini
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| secretin causes secretion of what/ | bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice by duct cells
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| what three things do you need for chemical digestion-Hydrolysis to take place? | water, enzymes, energy nutrient
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| carbohydrate gets converted into what? | glucose
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| protein and fat get converted into what? | amino acids and fatty acids and glycerol
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| what enzymes are involved in digestion of nucleic acids? | pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
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| How is nucleic acid absorbed? | through active transport
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| where are nucleic acids transported to ? | the liver
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| how are the nucleic acids transported to the liver? | via hepatic portal vein
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| what are some causes of malabosorption of nutrients/ | anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice or damage to the intestinal mucosa(bacterial infection)
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| what forces feces into the rectum | mass movement
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| what initiates spinal defecation reflex? | distension
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| what do parasympathetic signals do? | stimulate contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum and relax the internal anal sphincter
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| what allows relaxation of the external anal sphincter? | conscious control
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| what is the largest gland in the body? | the liver
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| the liver receives 80% of its blood from where? | the portal vein
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| the liver recieves 20% of its blood from where? | from the heart via the hepatic artery and arterioles
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