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Human Development

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show psychosocial development during the 1st 3 years.  
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The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought and behavior that makes a person unique   show
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personality development is intertwined with social relationships   show
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subjective reactions to experience that are associated with psychological and behavioral changes   show
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show Smiling, cooing, reaching out, going to person.  
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show Open to stimulation, show curiosity, interest, smile.  
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show Can anticipate, become angry, be weary, smiled, coo, laugh.  
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When does the time of “social awakening” and early reciprocal exchanges between baby and caregiver?   show
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What are highlights of a child’s psychosocial development at 6 to 9 months?   show
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show Preoccupied with caregiver, afraid of strangers, communicate emotions, show moods, gradations of feelings.  
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What are highlights of a child’s psychosocial development at 12 to 18 months?   show
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What are the highlights of a child’s psychosocial development at 18 to 36 months?   show
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show Crying.  
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show Hunger cry, angry cry, pain cry, frustration cry.  
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a rhythmic cry, which is not always associated with hunger   show
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show anger cry  
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a sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by holding the breath   show
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2 or 3 drawn out cries, with no prolonged breath holding   show
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What is the best way to handle a babies crying?   show
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show Spontaneously after birth until about the 3rd month, involuntary smile during periods of REM sleep.  
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Why do smiles during REM sleep cycles become less frequent during the 1st 3 months?   show
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show 2nd week-smile after feeding, 3rd week-smile when alert and paying attention to caregiver, 1 month-smiles are more frequent, social, 2 months-smile at visual stimuli, 4 months-laugh out loud when kissed or tickled  
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When babies laugh at the unexpected, what does it show?   show
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show Unfold from simpler ones.  
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show Content Mae, interest, distress.  
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What emotions start to show in the 1st 6 months?   show
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show self-conscious emotions.  
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show self-awareness.  
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emotions, such as pride, shame and guilt, that depend on both self awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior.   show
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Self conscious emotions only arise after children have developed _.   show
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show Between 15 and 24 months.  
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Self-awareness is necessary before children can be aware of what kinds of things?   show
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show About age 3.  
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When are children able to demonstrate self-evaluative emotions?   show
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When do emotions begin develop?   show
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show From 15 to 24 months.  
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show From 2 1/2 to 3 years.  
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When did the self-conscious emotions begin to develop?   show
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show Not self evaluative-being the object of attention, evaluated embarrassment-mild form of shame.  
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ability to put oneself in another person's place and feel what the other person feels   show
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show altruistic.  
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show “Put oneself in another person's place.”  
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True or false: emotional experiences can have long-lasting effects on the structure of the brain.   show
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What is the first major shift of brain organization that roughly corresponds to changes in emotional processing?   show
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show Around 9 or 10 months, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, limbic system process sensory information-may facilitate relationship between cognitive and emotional spheres; as connections become denser; infant can experience and interpret emotions at same time  
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show During the 2nd year, infant develops self-awareness, self-conscious emotions, able to better regulate emotions and activities; may be related to myelination of the frontal lobes  
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What is the fourth major shift of brain organization that roughly corresponds to changes in emotional processing?   show
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part of the autonomic system that prepares the body for action   show
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the part of the autonomic system that is involved in excretion and sexual excitation   show
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show By the brain maturing, and an infant gaining self-awareness  
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show Crying, smiling, cooing, reaching out.  
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show Crying, show interest/curiosity, smile, reach out  
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show Child develops self-awareness, recognize identity separate and different from rest of world, can wish they had something someone else has  
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Explain a typical sequence of evaluative emotions.   show
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show Parts of the brain mature and can act, allowing a child to experience and interpret emotions.  
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characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations   show
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show temperament.  
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Temperament has been described as the _ of behavior: not _ people do, but _ they go about doing it.   show
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Temperament may affect not only the way children approach and react to the world, but the way they regulate their _, _ and _ functioning.   show
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_ is relatively consistent and enduring.   show
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show Developing personality.  
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What are the 3 temperamental patterns of people?   show
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show “easy” children.  
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show “difficult” children.  
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show “slow to warm up” children.  
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show No, yes.  
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Describe an “easy” child.   show
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show Intense, negative moods, cries often and loud, responds poorly to change, irregular eat/sleep schedule, accepts new food slowly, suspicious of strangers, adapts slowly to new situations, reacts to frustration with tantrums, adjust slowly to new routines  
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Describe a “slow to warm up” child.   show
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show goodness of fit.  
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show Temperament.  
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Does temperament persist?   show
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What can change a person's temperament?   show
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show goodness of fit.  
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show Active child expected to sit still, persistent child taken away from absorbing project, slow to warm up child pushed into new situations.  
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What are ways parents can feel less guilty, anxious, hostile, loss of control, rigid or inpatient about a child's reactions?   show
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How can a parent help a temperamental child?   show
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show Shyness.  
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show inhibition to the unfamiliar.  
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a part of the brain that detects and reacts to unfamiliar events and is involved in emotional responses   show
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show Seemed to maintain that pattern to some degree.  
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show Genes and psychological traits.  
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How can experience change the tendency of a child to be shy?   show
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What happened when mothers responded and sensitively to children, who behaved inhibited?   show
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show Mother's sensitivity, birth order, race/ethnicity, culture, relationships with teachers and peers, unpredictable events.  
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show Easy child, difficult child, slow to warm up child.  
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show Fairly stable, it can be modified, but can also revert back to old ways.  
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show The child's temperament and what is demanded of them must match to some degree or problems can arise.  
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show reactivity and inhibited or uninhabited behavior.  
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show Temperament can affect how children respond to situations and behave in those situations  
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How do infants show temperamental differences?   show
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show Seem to be lifelong, can start out at one extreme and become more neutral, but it can also revert back to old ways.  
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Is all adult and infant interaction in the world the same?   show
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show Infant monkeys were placed with wire or terrycloth covered surrogate monkey mothers, monkeys even after a year separation preferred the terrycloth covered monkey mother even to their own mother.  
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What are the needs of an infant from its mother?   show
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show Social, emotional, communicative, cognitive competence.  
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show Frequent and positive.  
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show Nurturing, responsive, communicative  
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show Increasingly important, as much or as little as they want.  
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significance of being male or female   show
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show How people look, how they move, how they work, how they play, what they think about themselves, what others think about them.  
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show Between ages 1 and 2, preference in toys, play activities, playmates of the same sex.  
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By using age-appropriate tasks, when have cognitive psychologists found that infants begin to perceive differences between males and females?   show
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show 9 to 12 months, the basis of hair and clothing.  
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show Dolls, match face with correct gender.  
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socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles   show
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the process by which children learn behavior that their culture considers appropriate for each sex.   show
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show Fathers.  
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Do mothers or fathers treat boys and girls more differently, even during their 1st year?   show
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show Rough play is not a function of male biology, but is instead culturally influenced.  
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show African fathers are very hands-on with children, Chinese fathers almost never hold infants. African fathers are very gentle with children, US fathers are rough with children.  
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Compare the roles of fathers and mothers in a meeting infants needs.   show
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show Same at birth except for length and weight, start behaving differently around age 1 to 2 in preference for toys, playmates, activities  
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show Mothers-talk more and more supportive to daughters, fathers-play more roughly with the sons, show more sensitivity to daughters  
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show Around age 1 to 2  
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How do gender differences appear?   show
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show basic trust versus basic mistrust.  
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show Food, protection, for lives.  
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show trust.  
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enables people to protect themselves   show
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show Hope.  
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What happens if mistrust predominates in Erikson's theory?   show
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What happens if trust dominates in Erikson's theory?   show
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show Sensitive, responsive, consistent caregiving.  
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What is the importance of basic trust?   show
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Identify the critical element in trust.   show
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reciprocal, enduring tie between 2 people-especially between infant and caregiver-each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship   show
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laboratory technique used to study infant attachment   show
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show Ethnological theory, promotes baby’s survival.  
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show takes less than half an hour, mother leaves baby with the stranger and comes back, mother leaves baby alone and comes back after stranger, monitoring babies response each time the mother returns.  
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show Babies response each time the mother returns  
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What are the 4 main patterns of attachment?   show
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pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his or her return   show
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pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoid contact on his or her return   show
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show Ambivalent (resistant), attachment.  
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show Use mother a secure base, explore but return occasionally for reassurance, cooperative, relatively free of anger.  
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show Avoids mother on return, angry, do not reach out in time of need, dislike being held but dislike being put down even more.  
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show Anxious before mother leaves, when mother returns seek out contact but resist by kicking or squirming, do little exploration, hard to comfort.  
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How are the 3 attachment patterns across all cultures?   show
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show disorganized-disoriented attachment.  
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show Organize strategy.  
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What kind of behaviors do disorganized-disoriented attachment babies show?   show
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show Premature, autism, down syndrome, mothers abuse alcohol or drugs.  
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show Plays when mother is nearby, responds enthusiastically when mother returns.  
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How would a child with an avoidant attachment behave in a strange situation?   show
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How would a child with an ambivalent attachment behave in a strange situation?   show
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How would a child with a disorganized-disoriented attachment behave in a strange situation?   show
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show Baby build a working model of what can be expected, as long as mother acts the same, the model holds up, if behavior changes baby may revise the model, security of attachment may change.  
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show Trust, mutual interaction, stimulation, positive attitude, warmth, acceptance, emotional support.  
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Do mothers tend to be the secure base across all cultures?   show
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show irritability on an infant’s part may prevent the development of a secure attachment, neurological or psychological conditions, heart rate.  
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wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year   show
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distress shown by some people, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves   show
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show The mother.  
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Is separation anxiety common? Among what age group?   show
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show Gradually get used to stranger in a familiar setting, cuddling baby before they cried, stability of care.  
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As the attachment theory proposes, security of attachment seems to affect what?   show
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show Securely attach toddler, more positive interactions with peers, more joyful  
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What are some long-term effects of attachment in secure attachment children?   show
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show Intimacy of friendship, quality of attachment in a romantic partner.  
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show Inhibitions, negative emotions, hostility, dependency.  
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What are some long-term effects of attachment in disorganized attachment children?   show
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What may affect a parent’s emotional well-being and influenced the way they respond to their own children?   show
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What can a parent attachment history affect?   show
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Describe for patterns of attachment.   show
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show Baby has working model of mother and puts trust in to consistency of her behavior, role of temperament-irritability may prevent the development of a secure attachment.  
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Discuss factors affecting stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.   show
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Describe intergenerational transmission of attachment.   show
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show with mutual regulation, they can read each other's signals and respond appropriately  
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process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately   show
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show interact with others  
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show mutual regulation  
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What can infants do that influences the way caregivers behave towards them?   show
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show healthy interaction  
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What does mutual regulation help babies to learn?   show
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show social referencing  
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seeking emotional information to guide behavior   show
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Give an example of social referencing.   show
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one person forms an understanding of how to act in an unfamiliar situation by seeking another person's perception   show
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show 12 months  
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show rise of self conscious emotions (embarrassment, pride), development of sense of self, process of socialization and internalization  
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show infant and caregiver communicate emotional states and respond to each  
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show when baby is cared for appropriately, it is happy, when baby is not cared for appropriately, may feel frustrated or sad  
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show when given a new toy or in a new situation, they look to the parent to see how to respond  
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show 14.5% of new mothers  
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show within 4 weeks of giving birth  
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show drop in estrogen and progesterone following childbirth, significant emotional changes, significant lifestyle changes, first time mother  
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show yes, cognitive and emotional development  
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How might a mother with postpartum depression treat a baby differently than a mother without?   show
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How might a baby be affected by a mother with postpartum depression?   show
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What 3 things might put infants of depressed mothers at risk for getting depression?   show
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What are some withdraw emotions?   show
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True or false: a woman's depression during pregnancy can contribute to her newborn's neurological and behavioral functioning.   show
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What kind of attachment do infants with depressed mothers tend to have?   show
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show grow poorly, perform poorly on cognitive and linguistic measures, behavior problems, trouble suppressing frustration and tension, at risk for violent behavior  
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show Zoloft, nortriptyline, listen to music, visual imagery, aerobics, yoga, relaxation, massage therapy  
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How can treating a mother for postpartum depression help the mother-baby relationship?   show
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sense of self   show
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descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits   show
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Our _ is our image of ourselves.   show
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infant's realization that they can control external events   show
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When does the sense of self arise?   show
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sense of being a physical whole with boundaries separate from the rest of the world   show
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show self-awareness  
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When does self-awareness begin to develop?   show
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At what age do infants pay attention to their mirror images? When do they show more interest in others' images than themselves?   show
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When does conceptual self awareness develop?   show
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show self- coherence, self awareness, conceptual self awareness  
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At 20-24 months toddlers begin to use first-person pronouns showing what?   show
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Erikson's 2nd stage and psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others   show
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When does Erikson’s 2nd stage of personality development, autonomy versus shame and doubt, occur?   show
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What is the 2nd stage of Erikson's psychosocial development marked by?   show
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show Will.  
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show Toilet training, language.  
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Why do adults need to set limits for toddlers? What can help them realize those limits?   show
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What is a normal sign of the drive for autonomy?   show
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the tendency to shout, saying no just for the sake of resisting authority   show
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show Self control, contribute to sense of competence, avoid excessive conflicts.  
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show Discourage negativism, encourage socially acceptable behavior.  
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What can parents do to deal with the terrible twos?   show
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show Harder to comply with do’s.  
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When will children have less self control?   show
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development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society   show
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during socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own   show
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show Compliance with parental expectations.  
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How do children behave when they have made society standards their own?   show
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show self-regulation.  
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control of infants behavior to conform to a caregivers demands or expectations, even when the caregiver is not present   show
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show Child starts to put finger and socket, father shouts no, next time child starts to put finger and socket, remembers parents said no, doesn't do it.  
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Trace the early development of the self concept.   show
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self-government or personal freedom   show
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show A child wants to govern themselves and be in control, but society has standards  
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Explain why the terrible twos are considered a normal phenomenon.   show
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show Self-regulation.  
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What domains of development does self-regulation linked to?   show
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show Cognitive awareness, emotional control.  
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What gives children a strong desire to please their parents?   show
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enables children to develop will power and cope with frustration   show
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The growth of self-regulation parallels the development of what emotions?   show
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What is self-regulation correlated with?   show
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show No.  
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What explains the cultural contrast of the terrible twos stage?   show
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show Conscience.  
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Konchanska’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent orders without reminders or lapses   show
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Konchanska’s term for obedience of a parent orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control   show
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Konchanska’s term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene and play   show
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_ includes both emotional discomfort about doing something wrong and the ability to refrain from doing it   show
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What do children need to have before they can develop a conscience?   show
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What does conscience dependent upon?   show
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show Gentle guidance rather than force, threats, other forms of negative control.  
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What cooperation goes beyond committed compliance, a child's eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent not only in disciplinary situations, but in a variety of daily interactions.   show
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How does attachment affect cooperation?   show
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show How parents try to socialize, child's temperament, quality of parent-child relationship, security is attachment, observational learning, mutual responsiveness of parent and child, socioeconomic factors, cultural factors.  
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show Committed compliance and conscious development.  
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What are the 2 types of compliance? And what does it affect?   show
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show moral emotions.  
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show moral conduct.  
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judged by child's response to hypothetical, age-appropriate moral dilemmas   show
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Children who were judged to have mutually responsive relationships with their mothers tended to show what 3 moral things?   show
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show constructive conflict.  
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show Enabling them to see another point of view.  
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show mothers who requested, compromised or bargained.  
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show discussion of emotions in conflict situations, let to conscious development  
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Tell when and how self-regulation develops.   show
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show if a child can regulate themselves, they can do what is socially appropriate and get along with people better through self restraint  
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Distinguish between committed compliance, situational compliance and receptive cooperation.   show
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How does temperament affect socialization?   show
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How does attachment affect socialization?   show
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show infant of a warm, mutually responsive parent showed moral emotions and conduct sooner  
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show try to start doing things on their own, observe standards and self-regulation and watch how others behave  
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show gain trust from being able to rely on mother, for attachments through trust  
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Who influences children’s lives?   show
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show sibling conflicts  
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show sibling relationships  
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Can a baby’s attachment to a parent affect their relationship with siblings?   show
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When does sibling conflict dramatically increase? Why?   show
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show helps children recognize each other’s needs, wishes, point of view, helps them learn how to fight, disagree, compromise  
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show first few month-look, smile, coo at other babies; 6-12 months-smile, babble at, touch other babies; 1 year-learn to walk, pay less attention to others; 1 ½ to 3 years-interest in other children, learn how to deal with others  
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show imitating one another, games like follow the leader, more verbal communication, helps peers coordinate joint activities  
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How does cooperative activity develop during the second and third years?   show
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What benefits can disagreements with other children have?   show
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What makes some children more sociable than others?   show
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Explain how sibling relationships can play a part in socialization.   show
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Describe changes in sibling interactions during childhood.   show
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Trace changes in sociability during the first three years.   show
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show imitation, cooperative activity  
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show 57.5%.  
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show High quality home environment, high-quality child care, maternal sensitivity.  
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show Type of substitute care a child receives.  
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show Type, amount, quality, stability of care, family's income, age at which children start receiving non-maternal care.  
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What makes a child sensitive to child care?   show
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quality of care, which can be measured by staff training and the ratio of children to caregivers   show
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show process characteristics.  
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show Well-trained caregivers, low child staff ratios, better cognitive and social outcomes.  
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What are the most important elements in quality of care?   show
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Why is low staff turnover and important in a daycare facility?   show
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show Licensed facility, meet state standards, clean and safe, adequate space, adult to child ratio, involved staff, staff trained in development, staff receptive and responsive, promote good health, structured activities and free play, educational toys.  
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show Amount of care, quality of care, type of care, stability of care.  
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What have long days in child care been associated with?   show
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show Scored higher on tests of language comprehension, cognition, readiness for school, better vocabulary scores, fewer behavioral problems.  
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Which is more influential, child care or family characteristics?   show
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show Income, home environment, amount of mental stimulation the mother provides, mother sensitivity to her child.  
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show No effect no matter what age the child started child care.  
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show Child becomes more responsive and competent and play with other children.  
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How can the amount of child care be counteracted?   show
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Evaluate the impact of the mothers employment on infants well-being.   show
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show Trained staff, sensitive staff, low staff-child ratio, promotes good health habits, clean and safe facility.  
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How does parental employment affect infants and toddlers development?   show
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show As long as the child care is high quality and the mother is sensitive, there seems to be no major impact, poor child care quality and long amounts of time spent in child care can have a negative impact.  
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show physical abuse.  
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show neglect  
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physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person   show
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rejection, terrorism, isolation, exploitation, and the degradation, ridicule or a failure to provide emotional support, love and affection   show
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action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional or mental disorders   show
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deliberate or unavoidable endangerment of a child   show
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What are the 4 types of maltreatment?   show
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show Enter to the body, punching, beating, kicking, shaking, burning.  
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show Not providing child with food, clothing, medical care, protection, supervision.  
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show failure to thrive.  
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show shaken baby syndrome.  
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show Decrease.  
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show 60%.  
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What percentage of children identified as maltreated are physically abused?   show
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show 10%  
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show 7%.  
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show More than one third.  
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What factors can cause failure to thrive?   show
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_ is a form of maltreatment found mainly in children under 2 years, most often in infants.   show
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Why my a caregiver shake a baby?   show
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show Fragile brain bounces back and forth inside's call, causes bruising, bleeding, swelling, permanent and severe brain damage, paralysis, death.  
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_ is the leading cause of death in child abuse cases in the US.   show
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What percentage of shaken babies died? What damage can survivors of shaken baby syndrome be left with?   show
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In the_ out of 10 cases of maltreatment the perpetrators are the child's parents, usually the _.   show
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What can maltreatment by parents be a symptom of?   show
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Where do most neglected cases occur?   show
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show Parent who is anxious, depressed, hostile tries to take control of child physically but loses self-control and ends up shaking or beating child, having marital problems, right physically, disorganized household, stressful events.  
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show Substance abuse.  
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show Physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, substance abuse, family violence.  
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What kind of community can make abuse more likely to happen?   show
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Even when poorer, what kind of community can make abuse less likely to happen?   show
🗑
show Societal violence, physical punishment of child.  
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show State and local child protective services agencies.  
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What kinds of services are available for children and parents who have been abused?   show
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show 19%.  
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show Removes child from immediate danger, but is often unstable, further alienates the child from the family, may turn out to be another abusive situation.  
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show Become homeless, commit crimes, become teenage mothers.  
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show Misread emotional signals on bases.  
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What are some long-term consequences of maltreatment?   show
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show Heightened risk of poor academic achievement, delinquency, teenage pregnancy, alcohol and drug use, suicide.  
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show 1/3.  
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show More disturbed behavior, lower self-esteem, depressed, anxious, unhappy.  
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show Anxious, depressed, angry, hostile, mistrust, isolated, more likely to abuse alcohol or drugs.  
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show Genetic, some genotypes may be more resistant to trauma.  
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show Optimism, self-esteem, intelligence, creativity, humor, independence.  
🗑
What are the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect?   show
🗑
What can be done about child abuse and neglect?   show
🗑
show From birth, simpler emotions develop into complex emotions  
🗑
How do babies show emotions?   show
🗑
show From earlier, simpler emotions.  
🗑
show True.  
🗑
What are early signs of emotion, both behaviorally and physically?   show
🗑
Brain development is closely linked with _ development.   show
🗑
Self-conscious and self evaluate of emotions arise after the development of _.   show
🗑
show They can be easy, difficult, slow to warm up  
🗑
How enduring are temperamental differences?   show
🗑
show Easy, difficult, slow to warm up.  
🗑
_ appear to be largely inborn and have a biological basis.   show
🗑
show Yes, by experience.  
🗑
What can aid a child's adjustment and goodness of fit?   show
🗑
show True.  
🗑
show How a child will behave, become attached  
🗑
show Child raising practices, caregiving roles.  
🗑
What do infants have strong needs out?   show
🗑
show Social construction.  
🗑
show True.  
🗑
How and when do gendered differences appear?   show
🗑
How do infants gain trust in their world and form attachments?   show
🗑
show Mutual regulation  
🗑
show Basic trust versus basic mistrust, birth to 18 months.  
🗑
What is the key to successful revolution of the basic trust versus basic mistrust conflict?   show
🗑
show Secure, avoidance, ambivalent (resistant), disorganized-disoriented.  
🗑
show Newer instruments.  
🗑
show Babies temperament, quality of parenting  
🗑
Can attachment patterns have long-term implications for development? How?   show
🗑
show Around age 1 1/2, related to temperament and circumstances.  
🗑
_ enables babies to play an active part in regulating their emotional states.   show
🗑
show 12 months.  
🗑
show Yes, especially if severe or chronic.  
🗑
When and how does the sense of self arise?   show
🗑
show Self-regulation, children began to take it over self control  
🗑
How do toddlers develop standards for socially acceptable behavior?   show
🗑
show Between 15 and 24 months, with a emergence of self-awareness and self recognition.  
🗑
What is Erikson’s 2nd stage of personality development?   show
🗑
In the US culture, _ is a normal manifestation of the shift from external control to self control.   show
🗑
When does socialization begin?   show
🗑
_ rests on internalization of societally approved standards.   show
🗑
A _ is committed to compliance to caregivers demands.   show
🗑
Toddlers who show _ compliance tend to internalize adult roles more readily than those who show _ compliance.   show
🗑
Children whose show _ can be active partners in their socialization.   show
🗑
_ play a distinct role in socialization.   show
🗑
show True.  
🗑
show More interest in other children, increasing understanding of how to deal with others.  
🗑
show Okay as long as the child care is high-quality  
🗑
show Little impact on development, but cognitive development may suffer when a mother works 30 or more hours a week.  
🗑
show Caregiver.  
🗑
True or false: substitute child care can vary in quality.   show
🗑
With child care, why can influence psychosocial and cognitive development?   show
🗑
Does child care or family characteristics greater influence in infants and toddlers development?   show
🗑
What are the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect?   show
🗑
What can be done about child abuse and neglect?   show
🗑
What are 4 forms of maltreatment?   show
🗑
What age group are most victims of maltreatment?   show
🗑
show Characteristics of abuser or neglect her, family, community, culture  
🗑
show Physical, cognitive, emotional, social development.  
🗑
show Yes.  
🗑
How can maltreatment be prevented or stopped?   show
🗑


   

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