Infection Prevention and Control: Protective Mechanisms and Asepsis
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| antibiotic | chemical substance that can kill or alter the growth of microorganisms
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| antimicrobial | a substance capable of killing or suppressing growth of microorganisms
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| aseptic | free of microorganisms
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| bacteria | single-celled microorganisms LACKING A NUCLEUS, which reproduce abt every 20 min.
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| contaminated | made unclean
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| debris | dead tissue or foreign matter
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| disinfectants | an agent that destroys infection-producing organisms
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| fungi | tiny, primitive organisms of the plant kingdom containing no chlorophyll that reproduce by means of spores, present in soil, air & water
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| helminths | parasitic worms or flutes that belong to the animal kingdom
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| immune response | reaction of the body to substances interpreted as non-self
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| interferon | biologic response modifier that affects cellular growth
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| medical asepsis | practice of reducing the number of organisms present or reducing the risk for transmission of organisms
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| microorganism | organism only visible with a microscope
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| pathogens | disease producing organism
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| asepsis | free from pathogenic microorganisms
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| prions | proteinaceous particles believed to be responsible for transmissable neurodegenerative diseases
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| personal protective equipment (PPE) | gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear, & hair covering used to protect the nurse from infectious disease
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| protozoa | one-celled microorganism belonging to the animal kingdom
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| rickettsia | amsll, rod shaped to round microorganisms found in tissue cells of lice, fleas, ticks, mites & transmitted to humans by their bites
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| standard precautions | precautions that protect both the patient & the nurse from infection & are used for every patient contact
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| sterile | without pathogenic organisms
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| sterilization | process of destroying all microorganisms
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| surgical asepsis | preparing & handling materials in a way that prevents the patient's exposure to living microorganisms
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| viruses | extremely smaqll particles of nucleic acid that can trigger an immune reaction or damage cells in other ways
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| virulence | degree to which a microorganism can cause infection or invade the host
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| vector | carrier that transports an infective agen from 1 host to another
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| List 3 examples of vectors | animals, insects, rodents
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| toxin | poisonous protein produced by certain bacteria
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| spores | oval bodies formed within bacteria as a resting stage during the life cycle of the cell
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| Spores are characterized by resistance to | environmental change (heat, humidity, cold)
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| Phagocytosis | engulfing of microorganisms & foreign particles by phagocytes
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| phagocytes | cells capable of ingesting particulate matter
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| an example of a phagocyte | macrophages
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| leukocytosis | increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood
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| infection | invasody tissue that cause cellular injuryion & multiplication of microorganisms in b
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| host | animal/plant that harbors & provides sustanence for a parasite
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| hospital-associated infection | acquired during hospitalization
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| nosocomial infection | hospital associated infection
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| gram-positive | bacteria that retain the stain in Gram's method of staining
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| gram-negative | bacteria that lose the stain in Gram's method of staining
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| exudate | fluid in/on tissue surfaces that has escaped from blood vessels in response to inflammation that contains protein & cellular debris
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| endotoxin | heat-stable toxin associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released when the cells are disrupted
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| cross-contamination | transmission of infectious microorganisms from 1 person/object to another
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| colonization | microorganisms take up residence & grow
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| fomite | inanimate object
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| Always wear | Gloves
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| before and after putting on gloves | wash hands
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| always change gloves | between patients
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| viruses can only | grow or replicate in a living cell
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| gram-negative may | produce endotoxins
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| bacteria is classified | aerobic, anerobic, gram staining
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| protozoa causes | diarrhea
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| infection chain links | causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transfer, portal of entry, susceptible host
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| way to break the reservoir link | prevent transfer of microorganisms
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| way to break the portal of exit link | prevent contamination
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| ways to break the mode of transfer link | prevent contaminiation, eliminate vectors
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| ways to break the entrance link | put only clean things in mouth, protect skin, protect mucous membranes
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| way to break the host link | protect natural body defenses
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| factrs that protect natural body defenses | good nutrition, good hygeine, adequate sleep, decreased stress
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| person most important to breaking the chain | nurse
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| discharged patient must be taught | proper hygeine, medical asepsis, proper handling of contaminated objects
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| example of reservoir link | infected patient
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| examples of portal of exit link | secretions, feces, blood, urine, sputum
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| examples of modes of transfer link | hands, contaminated food, contaminated supplies and other objects
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| examples of entrance link | mouth, break in skin, mucous membranes
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| example of host link | susceptible person
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| portal of entry for tuberculosis | respiratory tract
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| portal of entry for HIV | blood
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| factors that increase elderly's risk for infection | poor nutrition, respiratory function, urine stasis, poor hygeine, thinner skin,
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| medical asepsis AKA | clean technique
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| surgical asepsis AKA | sterile technique
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| body's first line of defense | skin
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| body's second line of defense | fever, leukocytosis, phagocytosis, inflammation, action of interferon
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| leukocytosis | body's response to infection
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| signs and symptoms of inflammation | pain, redness, swelling, edema, heat, warmth
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| surgical asepsis prevents spread of infection to | patient
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| medical asepsis prevents spread of infection to | everyone else
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| patient has infection | medical asepsis, patient
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| patient is potential host | surgical asepsis, patient
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| reservoir of infection is patient | medical asepsis, reservoir of infection
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| reservoir of infection is other people and the environment` | surgical asepsis, reservoir of infection
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| objective of barriers to confine organisms | medical asepsis, objective of barriers
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| objective of barriers to prevent organism from reaching patient | surgical asepsis, objective of barriers
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| disinfect, sterilize, or dispose of equipment and supplies after contact | medical asepsis, equipment and supplies
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| disinfect or sterilize equipment and supplies before contact | surgical asepsis, equipment and supplies
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| nurse's protective gear protects worker | medical asepsis, protective gear
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| nurse's protective gear protects patient | surgical asepsis, protective gear
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| goal of nursing action is to confine and prevent spread to others | medical asepsis, goal of nursing action
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| goal of nursing action is to keep area or object free of all microorganisms | surgical asepsis, goal of nursing action
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| third line of defense | immune response
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| types of immune responses | Passive Acquired Immunity, Naturally Acquired Immunity, Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity, Artificially Acquired Immunity, Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity
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| Example of Passive Acquired Immunity | tetanus shot, short term
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| Example of Naturally Acquired Immunity | person gets chickenpox, long term
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| Example of Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity | mom passes immunity to baby through breastfeeding, short term
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| Example of Artificially Acquired Immunity | immunizations
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| Example of Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity | IGG, short term
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| technique for removing mask | untie bottom, then top, throw away without touching mask
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| best method of sterilization | steam or moist heat
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| sterilization in the home | boil in water for 20 minutes, drain and air dry
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| to aseptically clean instruments in the home | wash instruments with hot water and detergent, then soak in bleach solution
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| prion | pathogen that does not cause immune response
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| normal flora | nonpathogenic organism on and in host
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| length of time hands should be washed before beginning shift | 15 seconds
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| nail tip length | 1/4 inch
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| sharps | disposable sharp instruments
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| Creutzfield-Jakob disease AKA | mad cow disease
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| disease caused by prions | Creutzfield-Jakob disease
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| characteristics that effect virulence of microorganism | ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces or skin, penetrate mucous membranes, multiply once in the body, secrete harmful enzymes or toxins, resist phagocytosis
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| autoclaving | steam under pressure at 250 degrees
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| action of interferon | biologic response modifier that affects cellular growth
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| purpose of inflammatory reponse | neutralize and destroy, limit spread to other tissues, prepare damaged cells for repair
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| factors that increase risk for infection | malnutrition, chronic illness, immunosuppressive treatment, age, excessive stress, alcoholism, indwelling tubes or equipment, low white blood count, altered defense mechanisms
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| consequence of malnutrition | interferes with cell growth and replacement
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| consequence of chronic illness | taxes immune system
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| consequence of immunosuppressive treatment | depresses immune system
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| examples of chronic illness | HIV and diabetes
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| examples of immunosuppressive treatment | chemo and corticosteroid
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| corticosteroid | depresses the inflammatory response
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| chemo | depresses the immune system
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