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Fundamentals Ch.16
Infection Prevention and Control: Protective Mechanisms and Asepsis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| antibiotic | chemical substance that can kill or alter the growth of microorganisms |
| antimicrobial | a substance capable of killing or suppressing growth of microorganisms |
| aseptic | free of microorganisms |
| bacteria | single-celled microorganisms LACKING A NUCLEUS, which reproduce abt every 20 min. |
| contaminated | made unclean |
| debris | dead tissue or foreign matter |
| disinfectants | an agent that destroys infection-producing organisms |
| fungi | tiny, primitive organisms of the plant kingdom containing no chlorophyll that reproduce by means of spores, present in soil, air & water |
| helminths | parasitic worms or flutes that belong to the animal kingdom |
| immune response | reaction of the body to substances interpreted as non-self |
| interferon | biologic response modifier that affects cellular growth |
| medical asepsis | practice of reducing the number of organisms present or reducing the risk for transmission of organisms |
| microorganism | organism only visible with a microscope |
| pathogens | disease producing organism |
| asepsis | free from pathogenic microorganisms |
| prions | proteinaceous particles believed to be responsible for transmissable neurodegenerative diseases |
| personal protective equipment (PPE) | gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear, & hair covering used to protect the nurse from infectious disease |
| protozoa | one-celled microorganism belonging to the animal kingdom |
| rickettsia | amsll, rod shaped to round microorganisms found in tissue cells of lice, fleas, ticks, mites & transmitted to humans by their bites |
| standard precautions | precautions that protect both the patient & the nurse from infection & are used for every patient contact |
| sterile | without pathogenic organisms |
| sterilization | process of destroying all microorganisms |
| surgical asepsis | preparing & handling materials in a way that prevents the patient's exposure to living microorganisms |
| viruses | extremely smaqll particles of nucleic acid that can trigger an immune reaction or damage cells in other ways |
| virulence | degree to which a microorganism can cause infection or invade the host |
| vector | carrier that transports an infective agen from 1 host to another |
| List 3 examples of vectors | animals, insects, rodents |
| toxin | poisonous protein produced by certain bacteria |
| spores | oval bodies formed within bacteria as a resting stage during the life cycle of the cell |
| Spores are characterized by resistance to | environmental change (heat, humidity, cold) |
| Phagocytosis | engulfing of microorganisms & foreign particles by phagocytes |
| phagocytes | cells capable of ingesting particulate matter |
| an example of a phagocyte | macrophages |
| leukocytosis | increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood |
| infection | invasody tissue that cause cellular injuryion & multiplication of microorganisms in b |
| host | animal/plant that harbors & provides sustanence for a parasite |
| hospital-associated infection | acquired during hospitalization |
| nosocomial infection | hospital associated infection |
| gram-positive | bacteria that retain the stain in Gram's method of staining |
| gram-negative | bacteria that lose the stain in Gram's method of staining |
| exudate | fluid in/on tissue surfaces that has escaped from blood vessels in response to inflammation that contains protein & cellular debris |
| endotoxin | heat-stable toxin associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released when the cells are disrupted |
| cross-contamination | transmission of infectious microorganisms from 1 person/object to another |
| colonization | microorganisms take up residence & grow |
| fomite | inanimate object |
| Always wear | Gloves |
| before and after putting on gloves | wash hands |
| always change gloves | between patients |
| viruses can only | grow or replicate in a living cell |
| gram-negative may | produce endotoxins |
| bacteria is classified | aerobic, anerobic, gram staining |
| protozoa causes | diarrhea |
| infection chain links | causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transfer, portal of entry, susceptible host |
| way to break the reservoir link | prevent transfer of microorganisms |
| way to break the portal of exit link | prevent contamination |
| ways to break the mode of transfer link | prevent contaminiation, eliminate vectors |
| ways to break the entrance link | put only clean things in mouth, protect skin, protect mucous membranes |
| way to break the host link | protect natural body defenses |
| factrs that protect natural body defenses | good nutrition, good hygeine, adequate sleep, decreased stress |
| person most important to breaking the chain | nurse |
| discharged patient must be taught | proper hygeine, medical asepsis, proper handling of contaminated objects |
| example of reservoir link | infected patient |
| examples of portal of exit link | secretions, feces, blood, urine, sputum |
| examples of modes of transfer link | hands, contaminated food, contaminated supplies and other objects |
| examples of entrance link | mouth, break in skin, mucous membranes |
| example of host link | susceptible person |
| portal of entry for tuberculosis | respiratory tract |
| portal of entry for HIV | blood |
| factors that increase elderly's risk for infection | poor nutrition, respiratory function, urine stasis, poor hygeine, thinner skin, |
| medical asepsis AKA | clean technique |
| surgical asepsis AKA | sterile technique |
| body's first line of defense | skin |
| body's second line of defense | fever, leukocytosis, phagocytosis, inflammation, action of interferon |
| leukocytosis | body's response to infection |
| signs and symptoms of inflammation | pain, redness, swelling, edema, heat, warmth |
| surgical asepsis prevents spread of infection to | patient |
| medical asepsis prevents spread of infection to | everyone else |
| patient has infection | medical asepsis, patient |
| patient is potential host | surgical asepsis, patient |
| reservoir of infection is patient | medical asepsis, reservoir of infection |
| reservoir of infection is other people and the environment` | surgical asepsis, reservoir of infection |
| objective of barriers to confine organisms | medical asepsis, objective of barriers |
| objective of barriers to prevent organism from reaching patient | surgical asepsis, objective of barriers |
| disinfect, sterilize, or dispose of equipment and supplies after contact | medical asepsis, equipment and supplies |
| disinfect or sterilize equipment and supplies before contact | surgical asepsis, equipment and supplies |
| nurse's protective gear protects worker | medical asepsis, protective gear |
| nurse's protective gear protects patient | surgical asepsis, protective gear |
| goal of nursing action is to confine and prevent spread to others | medical asepsis, goal of nursing action |
| goal of nursing action is to keep area or object free of all microorganisms | surgical asepsis, goal of nursing action |
| third line of defense | immune response |
| types of immune responses | Passive Acquired Immunity, Naturally Acquired Immunity, Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity, Artificially Acquired Immunity, Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity |
| Example of Passive Acquired Immunity | tetanus shot, short term |
| Example of Naturally Acquired Immunity | person gets chickenpox, long term |
| Example of Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity | mom passes immunity to baby through breastfeeding, short term |
| Example of Artificially Acquired Immunity | immunizations |
| Example of Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity | IGG, short term |
| technique for removing mask | untie bottom, then top, throw away without touching mask |
| best method of sterilization | steam or moist heat |
| sterilization in the home | boil in water for 20 minutes, drain and air dry |
| to aseptically clean instruments in the home | wash instruments with hot water and detergent, then soak in bleach solution |
| prion | pathogen that does not cause immune response |
| normal flora | nonpathogenic organism on and in host |
| length of time hands should be washed before beginning shift | 15 seconds |
| nail tip length | 1/4 inch |
| sharps | disposable sharp instruments |
| Creutzfield-Jakob disease AKA | mad cow disease |
| disease caused by prions | Creutzfield-Jakob disease |
| characteristics that effect virulence of microorganism | ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces or skin, penetrate mucous membranes, multiply once in the body, secrete harmful enzymes or toxins, resist phagocytosis |
| autoclaving | steam under pressure at 250 degrees |
| action of interferon | biologic response modifier that affects cellular growth |
| purpose of inflammatory reponse | neutralize and destroy, limit spread to other tissues, prepare damaged cells for repair |
| factors that increase risk for infection | malnutrition, chronic illness, immunosuppressive treatment, age, excessive stress, alcoholism, indwelling tubes or equipment, low white blood count, altered defense mechanisms |
| consequence of malnutrition | interferes with cell growth and replacement |
| consequence of chronic illness | taxes immune system |
| consequence of immunosuppressive treatment | depresses immune system |
| examples of chronic illness | HIV and diabetes |
| examples of immunosuppressive treatment | chemo and corticosteroid |
| corticosteroid | depresses the inflammatory response |
| chemo | depresses the immune system |
Created by:
drtediaper
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