All Earth Science for NYS regents
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| *Glossary | show 🗑
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| *abrasion | show 🗑
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| show | the actual age, or date, in years when a geological event occurred or a rock was formed
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| show | the amount (mass) of water vapor in a unit volume of air, such as in grams/cubic meter
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| show | theoretically, the lowest possible temperature, no heat energy can be extracted at this temperature
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| absorbed | show 🗑
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| aerosol | show 🗑
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| show | a large body of air in the troposphere with similar characteristics of pressure, moisture, and temperature
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| *air pressure | show 🗑
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| show | gradient see pressure gradient
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| show | (1) the vertical distance (elevation) between a point and sea level or Earth's surface (2) the angle of a celestial object above the horizon, usually expressed in degrees *anemometer a weather instrument used to measure wind speed
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| show | the angle at which the sun's rays hit Earth's surface, also called angle of insolation
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| anticyclone | show 🗑
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| show | the point in a planet's orbit when it is farthest from the sun
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| apparent diameter | show 🗑
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| show | a motion of an object that is not real but appears to be real, such as the daily motion of the stars in the sky caused by the real motion of Earth's rotation
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| apparent solar day | show 🗑
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| arc | show 🗑
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| show | climate a dry climate where the precipitation is less than the potential evapotranspiraton for a large part of the year, producing a deficit of moisture and a drought much of the time
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| *asteroid | show 🗑
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| show | the plastic, partly solid, partly liquid layer of Earth's mantle just below the lithosphere that allows plate movements
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| show | the layers of gases surrounding Earth or other celestial object, Earth's atmosphere is divided into layers according to differences in chemical and physical properties
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| *atmospheric pressure | show 🗑
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| *atmospheric transparency | show 🗑
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| show | the smallest part of matter or an element which can't be separated by most chemical or physical processes atomic structure see crystal structure
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| *axis (of rotation) | show 🗑
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| banding | show 🗑
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| *barometer | show 🗑
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| show | see atmospheric pressure
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| *barrier island | show 🗑
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| show | the narrow portion of the shore or coastline between the low and high tide lines, usually covered with loose sediments
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| *bedrock | show 🗑
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| show | a permanent marker, usually metal, at a specific location on Earth's surface, that indicates an exact elevation or altitude at the time of installation
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| *Big Bang theory | show 🗑
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| *bioclastic sedimentary rock | show 🗑
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| show | a storm with winds of 35 miles an hour or greater with considerable falling or blowing snow causing low visibility
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| show | the result of waves dragging on the ocean bottom causing the water in the waves to fall forward as the waves bunch together, rise up, and break against the shore
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| show | a unit of heat energy defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius
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| calorimeter | show 🗑
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| show | the process by which water is drawn into openings due to the attractive force between water molecules and the surrounding Earth materials
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| show | the upward movement of water, against gravity, in part of the soil, loose materials, or bedrock due to capillarity, also called capillary action
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| capillary water | show 🗑
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| show | a radioactive isotope of carbon with a short half-life (5,700 years), used to date recent (up to 70,000-year old) remains of organic material
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| *carbon-14 dating | show 🗑
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| carbon dioxide | show 🗑
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| *celestial object | show 🗑
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| cementation | show 🗑
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| change | show 🗑
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| show | see phase change channel (stream) see stream channel shape
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| *chemical sedimentary rock | show 🗑
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| *chemical weathering | show 🗑
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| show | the grouping together of similar observations and inferences to make the study of objects and events in the environment more meaningful or easier to understand
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| show | rock that is largely composed of solid sediments, such as the sand in sandstone
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| show | the solid sediments, fragments, or grains in a clastic sedimentary rock such as the sand grains of sandstone
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| show | (1) a chemical group of minerals (2) very small solid sediments or clasts (less than 0.0004 cm in diameter) that often remain suspended in water for long periods of time
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| show | the tendency of a mineral to break along the zones of weakness and form smooth to semi-smooth parallel surfaces
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| show | the overall view of a region's weather conditions over long periods of time, includes not only averages, but extremes
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| cloud | show 🗑
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| *cloud cover | show 🗑
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| show | the boundary of an advancing cold air mass and a warmer air mass, where the underlying cold air pushes forward like a wedge, characterized by a steep slope, rapid changes in weather, thunderstorms, and sometimes hail and tornadoes
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| *comet | show 🗑
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| compaction | show 🗑
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| show | a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a specific proportion, such as most minerals
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| show | the change in state or phase from a gas to a liquid, such as when water vapor changes to liquid water droplets as clouds form
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| show | the transfer of heat energy from atom to atom or molecule to molecule, in any state of matter, when vibrating atoms or molecules collide
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| show | a group of stars that form a pattern and are used to help people locate celestial objects
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| show | a type of interface or transition zone between rock types caused by the baking or altering of older bedrock by contact with molten rock (lava or magma), much of the older rock is changed into metamorphic rock
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| *contact metamorphism | show 🗑
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| show | the climate of inland areas not moderated by a large body of water, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, and thus having a wide annual temperature range
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| *continental crust | show 🗑
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| show | very large glaciers (like those of Antarctica and Greenland), so thick that they cover all landscape features except the highest mountains, tend to create a smooth and low landscape by erosion and deposition see mountain glacier
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| continental arctic air mass | show 🗑
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| show | (cP) cold and dry air masses that invade the contiguous United States from Canada
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| show | (cT) relatively rare hot dry air masses that form in the southwestern United States or northern Mexico, that may cause very hot and dry weather for the contiguous United States in the summer
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| contour interval | show 🗑
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| show | an isoline on a topographic, or contour, map that connects points of equal elevation on the surface of any solid celestial body, such as Earth
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| show | see topographic map
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| show | the transfer of heat energy by circulatory movements in a fluid (usually liquids or gases) that results from differences in density within the fluid
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| show | a circulatory motion in a fluid due to convection, also called a convection cell
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| show | (1) the coming together of air currents at Earth's surface and at the top of the troposphere (2) the direct collision of lithospheric plates in the plate tectonic theory
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| show | the boundary between two colliding plates, often associated with mountain building, ocean trenches, and volcanic island arcs
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| *coordinate system | show 🗑
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| show | the center part of Earth below the mantle thought to be composed of iron and nickel, inner part is a solid and outer part a liquid
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| show | the deflection of all moving particles of matter (such as winds and surface ocean currents) at Earth's surface to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, which provides evidence for Earth's rotation
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| show | the process of showing that rocks or geologic events from different places are the same or similar in age
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| show | see impact crater
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| show | the outermost portion of Earth's solid lithosphere, separated from the uppermost mantle and lower lithosphere by the thin Moho interface
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| show | (1) the individual mineral grains of many rocks (2) a solid with a definite internal structure of atoms arranged in a characteristic, regular, repeating pattern
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| crystalline | show 🗑
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| *crystallization | show 🗑
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| show | the outward 3-D shape or geometric shape of a mineral specimen that reflects the internal atomic structure, also called crystal form
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| *crystal structure | show 🗑
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| show | an orderly change in the environment in which an event repeats itself with reference to time and space, the opposite of random change
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| *cyclone | show 🗑
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| show | a large type of low-pressure storm system formed in the mid-latitudes, also called mid-latitude cyclones
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| daily motion | show 🗑
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| day | show 🗑
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| show | the cutting down of trees and other plants of a forest
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| *delta | show 🗑
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| *density | show 🗑
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| *deposition | show 🗑
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| show | a region with an arid climate where the average yearly precipitation is much smaller than potential evapotranspiration
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| show | droplets of liquid water that form on Earth's solid surface by condensation, NOT a type of precipitation
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| *dew point | show 🗑
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| direct rays | show 🗑
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| show | the amount of water that passes a certain spot in a stream in a specific amount of time, such as liters per minute
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| show | the curving and folding of the foliations (mineral layers) and grains or crystals in metamorphic rocks caused by heat and pressure
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| divergence | show 🗑
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| show | the boundary between two plates that are spreading apart at a mid-ocean ridge or at a continental rift zone
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| show | the apparent wavelength shifting of electromagnetic energy (such as visible light) caused by the relative motion between the energy source and the observer, also see redshift
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| down cutting | show 🗑
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| down-warped ocean basin | show 🗑
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| show | liquid precipitation with drops smaller than raindrops
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| drought | show 🗑
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| *drumlin | show 🗑
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| show | the thermometer of a sling psychrometer without a wick around its bulb, providing normal temperature values
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| show | see sand dune
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| duration of insolation | show 🗑
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| *dynamic equilibrium | show 🗑
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| show | a natural, rapid shaking of the lithosphere caused when rocks are displaced due to the release of energy stored in rocks, most caused by rapid movement along faults, but also associated with other events, such as volcanic eruptions
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| earthquake magnitude scale | show 🗑
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| *Earth*s interior | show 🗑
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| show | water, gases, soils, minerals, rocks, mineral resources, and other materials and energy sources that are of value to people
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| show | the degree of ovalness of an ellipse, or how far an ellipse is from being a circle, computed using the following formula -- distance between foci eccentricity = length of the major axis
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| *eclipse | show 🗑
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| show | energy that is radiated (given off) from all objects (except at absolute zero, examples—visible light, radio waves, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet radiation, often called light or radiant energy
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| *electromagnetic spectrum | show 🗑
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| element | show 🗑
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| *elevation | show 🗑
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| show | a closed curve around two fixed points, called foci, in which the sum of the distances between any point of the curve and the foci is a constant, example—the shape of all planetary orbits
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| show | a series of weather changes on Earth caused by a change from cold surface ocean water to warm surface ocean water in the eastern Pacific Ocean off western South America, occurs every two to ten years
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| show | the steps or plans society, government agencies, organizations, and individuals can do to get ready to cope with disasters – planning an escape route in case of a hurricane or flooding, or storing food at home for a blizzard
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| *energy | show 🗑
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| environmental equilibrium | show 🗑
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| eon | show 🗑
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| *epicenter | show 🗑
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| show | one of the small divisions of geologic time that are combined into periods
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| *equator | show 🗑
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| show | a time when the sun is directly overhead at noon at the equator, and there are 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness over all of Earth
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| show | the second longest division of geologic time -- combined into eons and divided into periods
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| show | the carrying away of sediment by wind, water, ice, and other agents, the process by which sediments are obtained and transported the wearing away and lowering of Earth's land surface features
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| erosional-depositional system | show 🗑
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| error | show 🗑
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| *escarpment | show 🗑
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| show | the change in state from liquid to a gas, such as liquid water into water vapor, also called vaporization
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| evapotranspiration | show 🗑
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| evaporite | show 🗑
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| event | show 🗑
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| show | see organic evolution
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| *extrusion | show 🗑
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| *extrusive igneous rock | show 🗑
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| fault | show 🗑
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| show | rock layers that are offset or displaced along a type of crack called a fault
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| faulting | show 🗑
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| *field | show 🗑
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| show | a body of water that forms in a long, narrow U-shaped glacial valley, often partly dammed at one end by a mound of glacial moraine sediment, example—the Finger Lakes of central New York
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| flood | show 🗑
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| show | a nearly level plain that borders a stream that is subject to flooding unless protected artificially, usually composed of layers of river- deposited sediment
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| show | (1) in an ellipse, either of two fixed points located so that the sum of their distances to any point on the ellipse is constant (2) the place where an earthquake originates
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| show | a cloud that is on, or just above, Earth's surface
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| show | the bends in layered rock due to movement in the lithosphere, a type of deformed rock
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| *foliation | show 🗑
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| show | any physical evidence of former life, either direct or indirect
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| fossil fuel | show 🗑
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| show | a freely swinging pendulum whose path appears to change in a predictable way, thus providing evidence for Earth's rotation
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| show | the way in which a mineral breaks producing an uneven breaking surface, types of frac- ture—earthy, splintery, and curved (conchoidal)
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| show | the change in state of a liquid to a solid by the removal of heat, also see solidification
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| show | rain that freezes as it hits Earth's surface
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| *front | show 🗑
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| fusion | show 🗑
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| *galaxy | show 🗑
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| show | an early concept of celestial objects and their motions in which all celestial objects revolved around Earth, which was stationary and was the center of the universe
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| show | the North and South poles of Earth, with a latitude of 90°, located at opposite ends of Earth's axis of rotation
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| show | a chronological model of the geologic history of Earth using the divisions of eons, eras, periods, and epochs, see History of New York State in the Earth Science Reference Tables
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| show | a long narrow channel or furrow on bedrock formed by the gouging and sanding actions of rocks and sediments frozen to the bottom of a glacier, show the direction of former glacial movement
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| show | scratches parallel cuts in bedrock formed by abrasion (gouging and sanding) of rocks and sediments frozen to the bottom of a glacier - show the direction of former glacial movement
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| *glacier | show 🗑
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| show | a recent trend towards a warming of Earth's surface and lower atmosphere (troposphere) possibly caused by human pollution
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| show | a layering of sediment or sedimentary rock that shows a gradual change in particle size, with the largest particles on the bottom and the smallest ones on top
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| show | the rate of change from place to place within a field, also called slope - amount of change in field gradient = distance through which change occurs
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| show | the attractive force that exists between any two objects in the universe, proportional to the product of the masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers, also called gravitational force
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| gravity | show 🗑
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| *greenhouse gases | show 🗑
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| show | the process by which the atmosphere transmits short-wave radiation from insolation and absorbs long-wave radiation emitted by Earth's surface, warms the atmosphere and reduces heat loss by radiation from Earth's surface
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| *groundwater | show 🗑
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| hail | show 🗑
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| show | the time required for half of the atoms in a given mass of a radioactive isotope to decay, or change, to a different isotope
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| *hardness | show 🗑
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| show | an object, process, or situation that holds the possibility of injury or death to humans or damage to property
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| show | a condition of the atmosphere in which the aerosol content is so high that distant images are blurred, and a cloudless sky does not appear blue
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| show | the result of the balance between the total amount of energy an object receives and the total energy it emits, or loses - measured as the average temperature of an object
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| show | energy that is transferred from one body to another as a result of a difference in temperature or thermal energy of two bodies, also called heat, also see thermal energy
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| *heliocentric model | show 🗑
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| high tide | show 🗑
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| show | major regions of volcanic activity in the interior parts of plates away from plate boundaries, may be the cause of chains of volcanic activity within moving plates, such as the Hawaiian Islands
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| humid climate | show 🗑
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| *humidity | show 🗑
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| hurricane | show 🗑
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| *hydrologic cycle | show 🗑
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| show | the liquid water (mostly the oceans) that rests on much of the Earth's solid or rocky surface, included by some scientists—the subsurface water, water in the atmosphere, sea ice, glaciers, and water in life forms
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| show | times of widespread glaciation outside of polar areas (see the Pleistocene epoch in Geologic History Of New York State At A Glance in the Earth Science Reference Tables)
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| show | a rock formed when natural, molten rock-forming material (magma or lava) cools and turns into a solid—above, below, or on Earth's surface
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| show | an oval-shaped depression with a raised rim formed by a meteorite, asteroid, or comet colliding with Earth's, or any other solid celestial object's, solid surface
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| show | the colliding of comets, asteroids, and meteoroids or any other type of celestial body
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| show | a body of older rock within an igneous rock formed when pieces of rock surrounding liquid rock fall into the magma or lava, but don't melt before the liquid rock solidifies
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| show | a fossil used in correlation and relative dating of rocks, must have lived for a short time and have been distributed over a large geographic area
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| show | the concept that an object at rest will tend to remain at rest and that an object in motion will maintain the direction and speed of that motion unless an opposing force affects it
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| *inference | show 🗑
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| show | water entering or sinking into, under the influence of gravity, the upper parts of Earth's lithosphere where the water becomes subsurface water, also called seep
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| show | a type of long-wave electromagnetic radiation
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| show | the innermost zone of Earth's core, which is thought to be composed of iron and nickel in a solid state
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| *inorganic | show 🗑
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| *insolation (INcoming SOLar radiATION) | show 🗑
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| *instrument | show 🗑
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| intensity of insolation | show 🗑
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| show | the boundary between regions with different properties, the usual place for energy exchange
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| interpretation | show 🗑
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| intrusion | show 🗑
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| *intrusive igneous rock | show 🗑
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| *island arc | show 🗑
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| show | an isoline used on weather and climate maps that connects points of equal air pressure
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| show | a line used on a model of a field, such as a map, which connects points of equal value of a field quantity, examples—isotherms, isobars, and contour lines
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| show | an isoline used on weather and climatic maps to connect points of equal air temperature
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| *isotope | show 🗑
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| *jet stream | show 🗑
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| joint | show 🗑
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| show | planets that are far from the sun, largely gaseous, and have relatively large diameters, many moons, rings, and low densities, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
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| *kettle lake | show 🗑
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| show | the energy of movement of any object, the greater the speed and mass of an object, the greater the kinetic energy
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| show | nautical miles per hour, unit of wind speed
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| landform | show 🗑
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| show | the features of Earth's surface at the interfaces between the atmosphere or the hydrosphere and the top of the lithosphere, also on all other solid celestial bodies
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| *landscape region | show 🗑
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| show | the angular distance north or south of the equator, usually expressed in units of angular measurement such as degrees - minimum latitude 0° at the equator and maximum 90° N or 90° S at the geographic poles
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| show | east-west belts, or zones, of climate types on Earth caused by latitudinal changes in climate factors, such as temperature, precipitation amount, wind, and ocean currents
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| lava | show 🗑
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| leveling forces | show 🗑
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| show | see electromagnetic energy
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| show | the whole crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle (layer of rock that forms the solid outer shell at the top of Earth's interior)
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| *lithospheric plate | show 🗑
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| show | time based on the rotation of Earth as reflected in motions of the sun in the sky
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| *longitude | show 🗑
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| longshore currents | show 🗑
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| show | energy electromagnetic energy with a wavelength longer than visible light, especially infrared energy
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| show | see cyclone
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| show | the level of low ocean water, occurring at right angles to the positions of high tide
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| *luminosity (of a star) | show 🗑
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| show | the darkening of the moon caused by Earth's shadow
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| *luster | show 🗑
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| *magma | show 🗑
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| show | see earthquake magnitude scale
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| *mantle | show 🗑
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| show | ocean or sea-like
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| marine climate | show 🗑
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| maritime polar air mass (mP) | show 🗑
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| maritime tropical air mass (mT) | show 🗑
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| *mass | show 🗑
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| show | any variety of erosion and deposition done directly by gravity, examples—soil creep, earthflows, mudslides, avalanches, slumping, and landslides - also called gravity erosion
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| mean solar day | show 🗑
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| mean solar time | show 🗑
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| *meander | show 🗑
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| show | a means of expressing an observation with greater accuracy or precision, provides a numerical value for an aspect of the object or event being observed by comparision with a standard, example—measuring the length of this page with a ruler
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| show | all the energy of an object or system not related to the individual motions of atoms and molecules, the total of the potential and kinetic energy of an object or system
🗑
|
||||
| melting | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | any north-south semicircle of constant longitude on maps and globes connecting the north and south geographic poles - also called a meridian
🗑
|
||||
| show | a rock that forms from changes in previously existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) due to heat, pressure, and/or chemical fluids (not weathering or melting)
🗑
|
||||
| *metamorphism | show 🗑
|
||||
| *meteor | show 🗑
|
||||
| meteorite | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | solid particles smaller than asteroids and comets that orbit the sun
🗑
|
||||
| show | the organic compound CH*, often called swamp gas, that is an important greenhouse gas - major part of the fossil fuel called natural gas
🗑
|
||||
| mid-latitude cyclone | show 🗑
|
||||
| *mid-ocean ridge | show 🗑
|
||||
| *Milky Way Galaxy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a naturally occurring, crystalline solid having a definite chemical composition and physical and chemical properties that vary within specified limits, has a unique crystal (atomic) structure
🗑
|
||||
| show | an individual grain of a mineral
🗑
|
||||
| *mineral resources | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an idea, notion, or concept believed to be correct, but which is NOT true or correct
🗑
|
||||
| *model | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the interface, or boundary zone, between Earth's crust and mantle, short for Mohorovicic discontinuity
🗑
|
||||
| Mohs hardness scale | show 🗑
|
||||
| moisture | show 🗑
|
||||
| moisture capacity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyclic and extreme weather changes caused by the shifting wind and pressure belts - especially strong in southeast Asia where summer brings wet weather from the ocean and winter brings dry weather from the continental interior
🗑
|
||||
| *moon | show 🗑
|
||||
| *moraine | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | usually an area of high elevation, compared to the surrounding area or sea level, that usually has regions of steep gradient and many changes in slope, internally, mountains are characterized by distorted rock structures
🗑
|
||||
| show | a long narrow glacier confined to valleys in mountains, results in sharp angular landscape features, see continental glacier
🗑
|
||||
| *natural hazard | show 🗑
|
||||
| *natural resources | show 🗑
|
||||
| North Pole | show 🗑
|
||||
| North Star | show 🗑
|
||||
| *nuclear fusion | show 🗑
|
||||
| *observation | show 🗑
|
||||
| *occluded front | show 🗑
|
||||
| ocean | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | see surface ocean currents
🗑
|
||||
| show | see sea floor spreading
🗑
|
||||
| show | the portion of Earth's crust that is usually below the oceans and not associated with continental areas, thinner and higher in density than continental crust and basaltic rather than granitic in composition
🗑
|
||||
| show | the long, steep, and narrow depression produced by the bending down of subducting plates, which warps the crust
🗑
|
||||
| orbit | show 🗑
|
||||
| orbital speed | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a rock or mineral deposit that can supply a mineral resource that is worthwhile to mine or drill
🗑
|
||||
| show | an Earth material that is composed of and/or was formed by life forms
🗑
|
||||
| show | the theory stating that life forms change through time, new species of organisms arise by gradual transitional changes from existing species
🗑
|
||||
| show | see bioclastic sedimentary rocks
🗑
|
||||
| *original horizontality | show 🗑
|
||||
| orogeny | show 🗑
|
||||
| outcrop | show 🗑
|
||||
| *outer core | show 🗑
|
||||
| *outgassing | show 🗑
|
||||
| *outwash plain | show 🗑
|
||||
| oxidation | show 🗑
|
||||
| *ozone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | east-west circles on maps or globes that are equidistant from the equator at all points, and thus maintain the same value of latitude, also called parallels
🗑
|
||||
| show | a broad and long depression of the crust at the border of a continent that is not the site of a plate boundary - usually the site of much deposition of sediments
🗑
|
||||
| *pauses (of atmosphere) | show 🗑
|
||||
| *percent deviation or percent error | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the point in a planet's orbit when it is closest to the sun, occurs for Earth about January 3, when Earth is about 147,000,000 kilometers from the sun
🗑
|
||||
| period | show 🗑
|
||||
| *permeability | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the speed at which a certain amount of fluid, such as water or oil, can pass through a porous material, the speed at which water moves from above to below Earth's surface
🗑
|
||||
| perpendicular insolation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | (1) one of the three main forms of matter—liquid, solid, or gas, also called state of matter (2) the varying portion of the lighted part of the moon, Venus, or Mercury visible from Earth
🗑
|
||||
| phase change | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the mechanical or physical breakdown of rock and other Earth materials at or near Earth's surface into smaller pieces (sediments) without a change in the mineral or chemical composition, example—frost action splitting rock
🗑
|
||||
| show | a landscape of low elevation and generally level surface with little change in slope, usually characterized by horizontal rock structure
🗑
|
||||
| planet | show 🗑
|
||||
| *planetary wind belts | show 🗑
|
||||
| *plate | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a landscape of relatively high elevation composed of undistorted horizontal rock structure and often a more level slope or gradient than that of most mountains
🗑
|
||||
| *plate tectonic theory | show 🗑
|
||||
| plutonic igneous rocks | show 🗑
|
||||
| *polar front | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the star that is presently almost directly over the geographic North Pole of Earth, also called the North Star
🗑
|
||||
| pollutants | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the occurrence in the environment of a substance or form of energy in concentrations large enough to have an adverse effect on people, their property, or plant or animal life
🗑
|
||||
| *porosity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the energy possessed by an object as a result of its position or location, chemical conditions, or phase (state) of matter
🗑
|
||||
| potential evapotranspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | (1) falling liquid or solid water from clouds toward Earth's surface, (2) a type of sediment deposition in which dissolved minerals come out of solution to form solids, as in the formation of chemical sedimentary rocks such as rock salt
🗑
|
||||
| precipitation gauge | show 🗑
|
||||
| *prediction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | that the physical, chemical, biological, and geological events today are similar to those in the past - thus we can interpret the past by understanding the present
🗑
|
||||
| show | the conditions or state of the atmosphere for a short period of time at a location determined by comparison with a standard list produced by the United States Weather Service, see Weather Map Information in the Reference Tables
🗑
|
||||
| show | the amount of difference in air pressure over a specific distance, the greater the pressure gradient, the greater the speed of the wind, also called air pressure gradient
🗑
|
||||
| *prevailing winds | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | see P-waves
🗑
|
||||
| show | the meridian of 0° longitude, also called the Meridian of Greenwich
🗑
|
||||
| *probability | show 🗑
|
||||
| *profile | show 🗑
|
||||
| *psychrometer | show 🗑
|
||||
| *P-waves | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an instrument that uses radio/microwave electromagnetic radiation to observe many weather features such as precipitation, tornadoes, and hurricanes, wind speeds calculated using Doppler radar have greatly aided tornado predictions
🗑
|
||||
| radiation | show 🗑
|
||||
| radioactive dating | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the natural spontaneous breakdown of the nucleus of unstable atoms into more table atoms of the same or different elements releasing energy and/or small subatomic particles, $o called nuclear decay
🗑
|
||||
| radioactive material | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | liquid precipitation larger than drizzle or 0.5mm
🗑
|
||||
| show | a type of precipitation gauge that measures liquid precipitation
🗑
|
||||
| show | brief, rapidly forming, and rapidly ending liquid precipitation, often heavy rain associated with thunderstorm-type clouds
🗑
|
||||
| *rate of change | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a process in the formation of metamorphic rocks by which mineral crystals grow in size at the expense of older crystals or sediments without true melting
🗑
|
||||
| show | the type of Doppler effect caused by an increase in distance between the observer and the source of the electromagnetic radiation - a displacement towards longer wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, used as evidence for the Big Bang theory
🗑
|
||||
| show | turned back electromagnetic energy or other type of waves, waves bounced off a material
🗑
|
||||
| reflection | show 🗑
|
||||
| refracted | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a change in direction and velocity of waves when they pass from one type of material into another with a different density
🗑
|
||||
| *regional metamorphism | show 🗑
|
||||
| relative dating | show 🗑
|
||||
| shore, or shoreline | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a region that has a lower energy concentration than its surroundings
🗑
|
||||
| show | precipitation composed of transparent ice pellets, less than 5 mm in size, forms by freezing of falling rain
🗑
|
||||
| show | see gradient
🗑
|
||||
| smog | show 🗑
|
||||
| snow | show 🗑
|
||||
| snow shower | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the part of the ground that will support rooted plants, the product of weathering of rock and the actions of living organisms
🗑
|
||||
| solar eclipse | show 🗑
|
||||
| solar energy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the time it takes for Earth to rotate from solar noon to solar noon on two successive days at any fixed location on Earth
🗑
|
||||
| show | the time at which the sun reaches its highest point in the sky at any fixed location
🗑
|
||||
| *solar system | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the local time based on the actual motions of the sun in the sky, sundial time
🗑
|
||||
| *solidification | show 🗑
|
||||
| solstices | show 🗑
|
||||
| *sorted | show 🗑
|
||||
| *sorted sediments | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a region that has a higher energy concentration than its surroundings, energy flows from the source
🗑
|
||||
| show | the area of Earth's surface over which an air mass forms and acquires its characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| space | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a group of organisms which are similar enough to be able to interbreed and produce fertile young
🗑
|
||||
| *specific heat | show 🗑
|
||||
| speed | show 🗑
|
||||
| standard time | show 🗑
|
||||
| stages of landscape development | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | usually a large ball of gas held together by gravity that produces tremendous amounts of energy and shines, also called a sun
🗑
|
||||
| show | see phase
🗑
|
||||
| *stationary front | show 🗑
|
||||
| *station | show 🗑
|
||||
| storm | show 🗑
|
||||
| strata | show 🗑
|
||||
| *streak | show 🗑
|
||||
| *stream | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the rounding, smoothing, and size reduction of sediments resulting from the rolling, sliding, or bouncing of solid sediments along a stream bottom, also the erosion (lowering) of the stream bed by impact of solid sediments
🗑
|
||||
| show | the bottom or floor of a stream
🗑
|
||||
| show | the shape of the body of rock or loose materials that confine the stream
🗑
|
||||
| show | see discharge
🗑
|
||||
| *stream drainage pattern | show 🗑
|
||||
| structure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the plate tectonic process in which one of the plates at a convergent boundary sinks under the other plate and eventually melts into the asthenosphere
🗑
|
||||
| subduction zone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the change of state from a solid directly to a gas or from a gas to a solid with no intermediate liquid state, example—the forming of frost by sublimation of water vapor into ice
🗑
|
||||
| subsidence | show 🗑
|
||||
| subsurface water | show 🗑
|
||||
| summer solstice | show 🗑
|
||||
| sun | show 🗑
|
||||
| sundial | show 🗑
|
||||
| *sunspot | show 🗑
|
||||
| sun's vertical rays | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | relative dating of layered sedimentary and some extrusive igneous lava flow rocks in which the youngest rock layer is found on top and that rock age increases with depth, exceptions—in deformed rocks, and where there are igneous intrusions,
🗑
|
||||
| show | a continuous horizontal flow of water at or near the ocean's surface driven by the prevailing winds, also called ocean currents
🗑
|
||||
| synoptic method | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | earthquake waves that move through Earth's interior and cause the particles through which they travel to vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave motion, only through solids, not through liquids or gases, also called secondary waves
🗑
|
||||
| show | the use of scientific information to serve human needs, the means by which a society provides objects required for human subsistence, comfort, and pleasure
🗑
|
||||
| tectonic forces | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | see plate
🗑
|
||||
| *temperature | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) that are Earth-like in being relatively close to the sun, mostly solid, and having relatively small diameters and high densities
🗑
|
||||
| show | (1) the roughness or smoothness of a surface, (2) the size, shape and arrangement of the mineral crystals, sediments, clasts, and glass that make up a rock
🗑
|
||||
| show | the energy of motion of atoms and molecules, see heat energy
🗑
|
||||
| thermometer | show 🗑
|
||||
| thunderstorm | show 🗑
|
||||
| *tides | show 🗑
|
||||
| tilted strata | show 🗑
|
||||
| time | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | One of the 24 north-south trending zones, that are 15 degrees of longitude wide, that keep time based upon its relative angular distance from Greenwich Mean Time which has a longitude of Zero degrees
🗑
|
||||
| show | a model of the elevation field of a solid celestial object, such as Earth, using contour lines and other symbols, also called a contour map
🗑
|
||||
| topography | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a narrow cyclonic storm with very high wind speeds characterized by a very low air pressure and a twisting funnel that touches the ground, formation often associated with cumulonimbus (thunderhead) clouds
🗑
|
||||
| track | show 🗑
|
||||
| trade-off | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a boundary at which plates slide by each other, such as the San Andreas fault that separates the North American and Pacific Plates, also called a lateral fault plate boundary
🗑
|
||||
| show | the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere as part of their life functions
🗑
|
||||
| show | weathered or eroded rock and organic materials that have been moved by an erosional system from their place of origin
🗑
|
||||
| transported soil | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a wave that vibrates at right angles to its direction of motion, examples—electromagnetic energy and earthquake S-waves
🗑
|
||||
| *tributary | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the part of the atmosphere immediately above Earth's surface, where most weather changes occur
🗑
|
||||
| show | very fast large wavelength ocean wave or waves produced by disturbances of the ocean floor caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides, Tsunami can become very high and cause much wave damage near ocean shores
🗑
|
||||
| ultraviolet radiation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a buried eroded surface causing a break, or gap, in the rock record
🗑
|
||||
| show | the totality of all things that exist—all matter, time, energy, and space
🗑
|
||||
| *unsorted | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a deposit of sediments that are mixed in size (or shape, or density), the greater the difference in the size of the particles the more unsorted the sediments
🗑
|
||||
| show | raised up, as in mountain building
🗑
|
||||
| wind direction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an erosional and depositional agent that is most common in desert and shoreline areas which lack much vegetation
🗑
|
||||
| wind speed | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | an instrument that spins in the wind and points to the direction the wind is blowing from, which is the wind direction name
🗑
|
||||
| show | wind speed with a directional aspect
🗑
|
||||
| show | on about December 21 the vertical rays of the sun fall on 23° S latitude and the duration, insolation, and angle of incidence are greatest for most of the Southern Hemisphere and least in the Northern Hemisphere
🗑
|
||||
| show | the time it takes for a planet to make one revolution around the sun, also see period
🗑
|
||||
| *young mountains | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the soil, loose materials, or bedrock from Earth's surface down to the water table, where the pores are only partly filled with liquid water, air fills the rest of the pores
🗑
|
||||
| zone of saturation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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globalscience
Popular Earth Science sets