Biology Unit 5 Learning Statements Making Proteins
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; contains the sugar deoxyribose; forms chromosomes wrapped around a histone protein
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| DNA | contains the genetic code or instructions for making proteins; found in the nucleus of a cell
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| RNA | ribonucleic acid; contains the sugar ribose
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| RNA | used to carry the instructions and to make proteins from the DNA code
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| Amino Acid Sequence | determined by the code in deoxyribonucleic acid
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| Protein | string of amino acids joined together by a peptide bond folded into specific shapes
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| mRNA | carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome
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| tRNA | brings the correct amino acid by matching complementary bases of mRNA
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| Transcription | mRNA matching the DNA by complementary base pairing; occurs in the nucleus
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| Translation | mRNA base pairing with tRNA at the ribosome to create a protein from the DNA code
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| DNA Nitrogen Base Sequence | codes for the traits of organisms ; determines the order of the amino acids to make proteins
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| DNA Complementary Base Pairs | A-T, C-G
adenine-thymine , cytosine-guanine
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| DNA to RNA Complementary Base Pairs | A-U,T-A,C-G,G-C
adenine-uracil, thymine-adenine, cytosine-guanine, guanine-cytosine
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| Hydrogen Bonds | holds complementary base pairs in DNA
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| Peptide Bonds | holds amino acids to form proteins
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| Codon | three nucleotides in a row which codes for an amino acid
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| Mutation | change in a DNA nitrogen base sequence; may be harmful to an organism or may be beneficial for variation of an organism
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| Deletion Mutation | DNA nitrogen base is lost or deleted; may cause a frameshift mutation
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| Insertion Mutation | DNA nitrogen base is added; may cause a frameshift mutation
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| Substitution Mutation | DNA nitrogen base is replaced by a different nitrogen base
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| Nucleotide | individual unit of a nucleic acid; contains a nitrogen base, phosphate, and a sugar
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| Transcription | cellular process which makes mRNA from the DNA code to create proteins
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| Translation | uses the genetic code transcribed by mRNA to place amino acids into a specific sequence to make a protein
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| Frameshift Mutation | change in nitrogen base sequence which cause a change codon arrangement; alters amino acid sequence from point of mutation and after
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| Codon Chart | Square or circular chart of amino acids associated with a mRNA codon
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| Helicase | Enzyme which breaks the hydrogen bonds between DNA nitrogen bases
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