Key Terms
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| Cathode | A negatively charged electrode that produces electrons in the x-ray tube.
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| Anode | A positively charged electrode in the x-ray tube consisting of a tungsten target that produces x-rays when hit with electrons from the cathode.
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| ALARA | As Low As Reasonably Achievable, program placed by the National Committee on Radiation Protection ensuring that radiation exposure is as low as possible by wearing PPE and using non-manual restraint for veterinary patients.
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| Kilovoltage Peak (kVp) | The maximum voltage applied across an x-ray tube that determines the energy of the electrons produced.
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| Heel Effect | Visible differences in the density produced on a radiograph; there is greater radiation intensity on the cathode side because of the angle of the target on the anode side.
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| Radiographic Density | The degree of blackness on a radiograph.
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| Milliamperage (mA) | The current produced by the x-ray tube during an exposure.
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| Contrast | Is defined as the differences in radiographic density between adjacent areas on a radiographic image.
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| Radiolucent | Air on a radiograph turn dark or black, it allows more of the radiation to pass through.
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| Radiopaque | Will appear white with more dense tissue as it absorbs more radiation.
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| Penumbra Effect | Causes loss of detail and results in collimation.
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| Source-Image Distance (SID) | Distance between the source of the x-ray and the film.
(Interchangeable with FFD).
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| Film-Focal Distance (FFD) | Distance between the source of the x-ray and the film.
(Interchangeable with SID).
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| Object-Film Distance (OFD) | The distance from the object being imaged to the recording surface. (Digital Imaging)
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| Object-Image Distance (OID) | The distance from the object being imaged to the recording surface.
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| Bucky | Puts the grid in motion as the x-rays are generated, blurring the white grid lines on the radiograph.
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| Collimators | Consists of adjustable lead shutters installed in the tube head of the x-ray machine.
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| Focused Grids | Have lead strips placed at progressively increasing angles to match the divergence of the x-ray beam
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| Latent Image | The invisible image in the emulsion of an x-ray film produced after the film has been exposed to light.
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| Anechoic | Used to describe tissue that transmits all the sound through to deeper tissue.
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| Annular Ray | Arranges the crystals in concentric rings.
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| Direct Exposure Film | Is more sensitive to direct x-rays than it is to light.
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| Distance Enhancement | Occurs when the sound beam traverses a cystic structure.
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| Echoic | Means that most of the sound is reflected back to the transducer
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| Film latitude | The films inherent ability to produce shades of gray.
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| Fluoroscopy | Used for those patients who visualization of dynamic structures is of importance.
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| Hyperechoic | Used to describe tissues that reflect more sound back to the transducer than surrounding tissues.
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| Hypoechoic | Used to describe tissues that reflect less sound back to the transducer than surrounding tissues.
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| Intensifying Screens | Contain fluorescent crystals bound to a cardboard or plastic base.
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| Isoechoic | Used to describe tissue that appears to have the same echotexture on the screen as surrounding tissues.
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| Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD) | The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements recommends that the dose for occupationally exposed persons not exceed 5rem/yr.
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| Mirror Image | Artifact creates the illusion of the liver on the thoracic side of the diaphragm or the appearance of a second heart beyond the lung interface.
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| Roentgen Equivalent In Man (Rem) | Rem units are used to express the dose equivalent that results from exposure to ionizing radiation.
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| Sievert (SV) | Is the current terminology used to define a rem (1 Sv = 100rem)
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| Slice Thickness | When the transducer receives echoes with different amplitudes from the same area at the same depth.
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| Sonolucent | Means that most of the sound is transmitted to the deeper tissues, with only a few echoes reflected back to the transducer.
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| Ultrasonography | Diagnostic Ultrasound is a noninvasive method of imaging soft tissues.
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| Bisecting Angle Technique | A radiographic technique in which the film is placed as close to the intended tooth as possible.
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| Parallell Technique | A radiographic technique in which the film is placed in the mouth parallel to the teeth and the cone is aimed perpendicular to the film and tooth.
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