Mr. Wills ML7.3+4
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Homeostasis | ability to maintain a stable environment inside a cell/organism despite changes to the outside environment.
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| Phospholipids | molecule that makes up the cell membrane consisting of a phosphorus head and two lipid tails. Be able to label a drawing.
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| Lipid bilayer | basic make up of all cell membranes. Contains two layers of phospholipids with the polar heads facing into and out of the cell.
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| Polar | a molecule with a partial charge. Hydrophilic. Cannot pass directly through lipid bilayers.
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| Non-polar | molecules with no charge such as lipids. Hydrophobic. The lipid tails of the phospholipids are examples.
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| What are the four membrane proteins | cell surface markers, enzymes, receptor proteins, transport proteins
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| Cell Surface Markers | proteins in the cell membrane that has a carbohydrate chain attached to it. The carbohydrate cells identify what type of cell it is. Also called glycoproteins
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| Receptor proteins | proteins responsible for sensing the environment. When a signal binds to a receptor protein it causes changes within the cell.
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| Enzymes | speed up required chemical reactions in the cell by breaking down or putting together molecules.
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| Transport proteins | help materials(polar, charged, too large) move into and out of the cell.
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| What are the two types of carrier proteins | carrier and channel proteins
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| What is the role of the cell membrane? | to maintain homeostasis by controlling the movement of material into and out of the cell
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| What substance can pass directly through the lipid bilayer? | small non-polar substances ex. O2, CO2, Amino acids, small lipids
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| Passive transport | any movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration that does not require the use of energy/ATP
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| Equilibrium | when particles have an equal concentration inside and outside of a semi-permeable membrane
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| Semi-permeable membrane | a membrane that allows only certain particles through
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| Concentration gradient | difference in the concentration of molecules over a distance determines how particles move into and out of a cell
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| Simple diffusion | type of passive transport in which particle move from high concentration to low concentration (down hill) with out using a transport protein or energy
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| Facilitated diffusion | movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration (down hill) using a channel or a carrier protein. No energy is used.
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| Channel protein | type of transport protein that allows polar molecules and ions to enter a cell down the conc. gradient
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| Carrier proteins | transport proteins that change shape to move materials into and out of the cell may or may not require energy.
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| Osmosis | the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high concentration to low
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| Hypertonic solution | more dissolved materials outside the cell, causes cell to shrink as water leaves the cell.
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| Hypotonic solution | less dissolved materials outside the cell, causes cell to swell/burst as water moves into the cell by osmosis
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| Isotonic solution | same amount of solutes inside and outside the cell, cell stays same shape
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| Active transport | type of transport that moves material from areas of low concentration to high using energy/ATP.
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| Contractile vacuole | type of organelle that uses active transport to pump out water in single celled creatures to get rid of excess water entering the cell by osmosis
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| Membrane pump | carrier protein that pumps particle from areas of low conc. to high
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| Sodium/Potassium pump | type of passive transport that pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell
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| Endocytosis | process of moving materials into the cell by pinching the larger materials into a vesicle inside the cell.
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| Exocytosis | process of removing wastes and cell product from the cell eliminate a vesicle out of the cell.
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| Phagocytosis | process of cells devouring bacteria or damaged cells for the purpose of recycling their parts.
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| Lysosomes | type of vesicle containing digestive enzymes that break down parts of the cell
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| Vesicles | organelles used for the transportation and storage of cellular wastes and products
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| What is the difference between passive and active transport? | passive transport goes from high conc to low and never requires energy. Active transport particles go from low concentration to high and requires energy.
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| What are two examples of passive transport? | Water through a channel protein. Dye spreading out in water.
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| What are two examples of active transport? | Sodium-Potassium pump. Contractile vacuoles ejecting water from Paramecium. Endo and Exocytosis also are examples.
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| Signal molecule | molecule that binds to a receptor protein that causes changes within the cell
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| Receptor protein | protein in the cell membrane that has a specific shape to receive a specific signal causing the cell to respond
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| Secondary messenger | molecule that is released to cause changes to the cytoplasm and or the nucleus after receiving an outside signal
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| Signal cell | sends message/signal
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| Target cell | receives message/signal
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| Binding site | location on receptor protein that receives a signal
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| Environmental signal | signal from outside an organism that causes changes within. Ex. Light, CO2, Temperature
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| What are the three type of changes a signal could cause? | change in permeability, enzyme activation, second messenger release
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| homeostasis | ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes to the external environment
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| unicellular | an organism in which each cell is independent and can survive with out the help of other cells
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| multicellular | organisms that have specialized cells that help the organism survive. The cells on their own cannot survive.
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| specialized cells | cells that perform a specific function, like muscle cells, nerve cells, etc.
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| cellular junction | structure that holds cells together and or helps the cells to communicate
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| levels of organization | cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
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| solute | substance dissolved in solution
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| solvent | substance solute is dissolved in often water
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| aquaporin | a channel protein specific to water
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