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| show | You need some characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is consistent across situations
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| show | Nomoethic approach- focuses on finding universal laws that apply to all people to identify the aspects of personality that everyone has. Idiographic approach- focuses on studying the unique aspects of that single individual
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| Backdrop of a Freud's intellectual world | show 🗑
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| Freud's 2 main drives | show 🗑
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| show | Id, super-ego, and ego
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| show | Raw animal drives of the personality that are driven by libido, the psychic energy of the mind. the Id operates on the pleasure principle, meaning that it is a driven solely to maximize pleasure = "if it feels good, do it"
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| show | Its role is to restrain the drives of the Id in order to maintain relationships and integrate into society. the ego operates on the reality principle, which is to balance the ID's drives with the realities of social life
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| show | All of the messages from parents, teachers, and others about who we should be. It represents the ideal person who is her perfectly moral and virtuous, but we can never reach that. Super-ego pushes us to try, failure may cause guilt, shame...
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| show | Dream interpretation. Free association- practice in which a person was encouraged to speak without restraint. Parapraxis/Freudian slip- slip of the tongue of can reveal aspects of the unconsciousness
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| show | To protect itself the organism employees defense mechanisms or has a psycho break.
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| Freud's three main types of anxiety | show 🗑
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| show | Unconscious strategies for managing and reducing anxiety
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| Repression | show 🗑
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| show | Reverting to a previous stage of development, presumably one in which a person felt comfortable and didn't experience anxiety. Ex: anxiety causes an adult to thumb suck
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| Reaction Formation | show 🗑
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| Rationalization | show 🗑
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| show | involves focusing on academic analysis hand study of an area relevant to the person's anxiety, ex: after being cut from the basketball team, Joe obsesses over studying the game strategies
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| show | refers to redirecting anxiety away from the real threat and onto a less threatening object or situation. Ex: bad day at work --> yell at child
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| show | Unconscious refusal to admit to the reality of a situation causing anxiety, ex: spouse overlooks evidence of an affair
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| show | Refers to projecting one's own fears and anxieties on to other people. Ex: insisting that a classmate that you hate, hates you
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| Sublimination | show 🗑
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| show | Oral (0-18mo)- sucking, fixation: gullible or cynical. Anal (18mo-3)-defecation, fixation: self destruction vs anal retentive. Phallic (3-5)- genitals, fixation: egotism or low self-esteem. Latency (5/6)- puberty and all suppressed. Genital (puberty)- rep
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| Oedipus complex | show 🗑
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| The negative outcome of Oedipus complex | show 🗑
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| Electra complex | show 🗑
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| Carl Jung | show 🗑
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| show | Personal unconscious- the part of the unconscious minds containing an individual's repressed thoughts and feelings. Collective unconscious- the part of the unconscious that is inherited in common to all members of a species
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| show | Def:archetypes represent universal patterns and images that are part of the collective unconscious. Ex: persona- our public self, anima- female archetype as expressed in male personality, animus- male archetype as expressed in female personality
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| show | Extroverts - focus on external world and social life. Introverts- focus on internal thoughts and feelings. Jung felt that everyone had both qualities, but one is usually dominant
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| Personality types | show 🗑
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| show | he believed Freud overly focused on sexual and aggressive drives and there was no conflict between the ID and superego. early social interactions influence the development of the inferiority complex or a strive for superiority. father of humanistic psych
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| show | Found Freud's approach male-centric. she suggested that males experience womb envy which drives them to compensate by dominating and disparaging women.
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| show | Rational strategies for coping with emotional problems and dust minimizing anxiety: submission- moving toward ppl, agression- moving against ppl, detachment- moving away from ppl
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| Erik Erikson | show 🗑
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| Evaluating old psychodynamic theories | show 🗑
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| Evaluating the modern psychoanalytic perspective (Life, Peer, Identity, Dreams, Slips, PTSD = LPIDSP) | show 🗑
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| show | Verbal slips could be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices. Unlike Freud's theory most PTSD patients are unable to repress painful experiences into their unconscious
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| Assessing personality | show 🗑
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| show | attempts to tap into person's characteristic ways of interpreting or assessing ambiguous stimuli. These types of assessments are idiographic. Includes Rorschach Inkblot Test and the TAT
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| Rorschach Inkblot Test | show 🗑
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| Thematic apperception Test/TAT | show 🗑
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| show | Do stated views reveal how a person is or how they want to be seen? Do respondents create bizarre narratives because those come to mind easily? Can similar answers be given for different underlying reasons? Examiner bias?
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| show | these assessments choose particular traits which are relevant for understanding personality then questions are asked to assess those particular traits. They tend to be nomothetic. Often relies on self reports- ppl answer questions abt themselves.
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| Problems with self-reports | show 🗑
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| Implicit assessment | show 🗑
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| Humanistic perspective on personality | show 🗑
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| Self-actualizing person (maslow) | show 🗑
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| Self-actualization and the Jonah complex | show 🗑
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| show | Perceive - description of yourself. Ideal - how you would like to be. from a humanistic perspective, a self-actualized person finds the perceived self as completely congruent with the ideal self.
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| Humanistic personality theories | show 🗑
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| Carl Rogers | show 🗑
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| Rogers form of assessing personality | show 🗑
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| How to become fully functioning | show 🗑
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| show | Humanistic psych has large impact on education and childhood. concepts in humanistic psych are vague, subjective and lack of scientific basis. these theories as overly optimistic and that they ignore the nature of human evil. Self centeredness
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| show | Bandura- we each have a set of personal standards that grew out of our own life history and that shape our behavior. Behavior is seen as the interaction of cognition, learning, and the current environment
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| Cognitive-social expectancies | show 🗑
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| show | Expectancies form performance standards. This leads people to conduct themselves according to performance standards- individually determined standards of excellence by which we judge our behavior
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| show | After meeting your own performance standards, the expectancy is that your efforts will be successful
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| Locus of control | show 🗑
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| Forer/Barnum Effect | show 🗑
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| show | Frequently used self-report. inventory list several hundred statements about self. Uses technique called criterion keying- this test is given to groups of ppl who are known to differ in some way, the responses are analyzed to show how these group differ i
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| Three types of traits that are assessed | show 🗑
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| show | Trait focused on in 1940s to understand to the rise of fascism. Referred to a tendency for obedience to authority, conformity, and political convertism
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| show | rather than proposing traits that might be important and then examining those,examine many traits and let statistics tell most important= factor analysis- collecting data for a number of items then calculating the correlations between each of those items
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| show | Cattell used factor analysis to develop a 16 personality factor inventory --> 16PF assessment
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| Hans Eysenck | show 🗑
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| Four main quadrants for traits (Eysenck and Galen) | show 🗑
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| show | Researchers today focus on 5 main traits because Eysenck's were too small and Cattell's too large so... OCEAN= openness / culture, conscientiousness, extraversion/introversion, agreeableness, neurotism/ emotional stability
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| Personality profile | show 🗑
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| Stability of the big five | show 🗑
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| show | 50% or so for each trait
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| Can the big five predict other personal attributes? | show 🗑
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| Experience sampling | show 🗑
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| Intrapersonal functioning | show 🗑
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| Biological perspective to personality | show 🗑
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| show | A reward seeking system related to dopamine pathways and greater activity in left prefrontal cortex in responding to incentives and rewards
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| show | involving serotonin and gaba pathways and greater activity in the right prefrontal cortex. this system is more reactive to punishments and is related to anxiety, aversion, disgust and fear
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| The person-situation controversy | show 🗑
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| Person variables | show 🗑
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| show | Self schema- Larger and more complex than most other schema. Self serving bias- free calling achievements and successes while forgetting failures, which may play an important role in the development of self schema
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| Existential psychology | show 🗑
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| show | The awareness of death which causes us to define the meaning of our lives. Generally done in the context of our social and cultural environment as we attempt to figure out our own values and how we fit into society
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| show | The tendency for most people to believe that they are above average. Relates to self-serving bias
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| show | Kelly- ways we understand that the traits and behaviors of others
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| Reciprocal determinism | show 🗑
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| show | Symbolic statement made by occupants to reinforce their self views. Personally symbolic. these can be for themselves or to let others know what they are like or would like to be like
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| Behavior residue | show 🗑
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| Momentary impressions | show 🗑
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| Hypothesis on momentary impressions | show 🗑
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| Process to momentary impressions | show 🗑
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| show | obtain self ratings from the occupants and peer ratings from the occupants close acquaintances. We obtained accuracy estimates by correlating The observers rating with the combined self and peer ratings
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| What the cues are correlated with | show 🗑
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