Melanin Storyline Essential Terms
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| albino | A person or animal having a congenital absence of pigment in the skin and hair and the eyes.
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| genotype | The collection of genes responsible for the various genetic traits of a given organism
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| phenotype | The physical appearance or biochemical characteristic of an organism as a result of the interaction of its genotype and the environment.
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| dominant | Pertains to the one that determines the phenotype of an organism.
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| recessive | A gene that can be masked by a dominant gene
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| heterozygous | Used to describe a cell, a nucleus, or an individual organism that carries different or non-identical alleles for a particular trait at the same loci on homologous chromosomes
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| homozygous | A word that refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes.
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| purebred | Refers to offspring resulting from a true breeding
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| hybrid | The offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction
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| carrier | A person or other organism that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but usually does not display that trait to show symptoms of the disease.
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| pedigree | An ancestral line or chart depicting the lineage or descent of an individual
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| allele | One of the possible forms of a gene
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| Punnett square | A square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
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| monohybrid | The cross between parents with different alleles for a single gene locus of interest
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| dihybrid | Describes a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits
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| poacher | Illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights
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| karyotype | The number, size, and shape of chromosomes in an organism
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| mutation | Occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene.
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| DNA | A double helix, a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live, and reproduce
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| Protein synthesis | A process of creating protein molecules
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| diploid | Refers to a cell or an organism that had two sets of chromosomes
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| haploid | The terms used when a cell had half the usual number of chromosomes
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| chromosome | A structure in all living cells that consists of a single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity
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| gene | Defined as the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity since a gene is comprised of nucleotides that is phenotype of an organismresponsible for the physical and heritable characteristics or
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| Human chromosome | Diploid-46 organized into 23 pairs- 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
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| Autosomal chromosome | Any chromosome except for the sex chromosome
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| Sex linked trait | A trait that is controlled by a gene or an allele located on the sex chromosome
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| Sex chromosomes | Genes that are carried by either sec chromosomes are said to be sex linked. X or Y
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| Female sex genotype | XX
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| Male sex genotype | XY
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| Gene map | A list of ordered genetic loci for a particular genome
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| loci | A specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located
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| centromere | A specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division as the constricted central region where the two chromatids are held together and form an X shape
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| transcription | The process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of mRNA.
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| translation | The process by which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cells nucleus.
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| proteins | Polymers of amino acids
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| nucleus | an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and the genetic material of an organism
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| Cell organelle | Any of the specialized structures within a cell that perform a specific function
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| ribosomes | A sphere-shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis.
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| Amino acids | A type of organic acid that contains a carboxyl functional group and an amine functional group as well as a side chain that is specific to the individual amino acid
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| DNA nitrogenous bases | Simply a nitrogen-containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base. Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine © and Thymine (T)
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| RNA nitrogenous bases | A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Uracil (U) and Cytosine ©
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| melanin | The pigment that gives human skin, hair, and eyes their color
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| Silent mutation | A form of point mutation in a codon that codes for the same or different amino acid but without any functional change in the protein product
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| Frameshift mutation | A genetic mutation caused by a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three; insertion or deletion are two types
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| Substitution mutation | A mutation that exchanges one base for another.
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| Insertion mutation | The addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence
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| Deletion mutation | A mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during a DNA replication
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| codon | A sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
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| Triplet codon | A specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis
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| Protein folding | The process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation
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| Environmental factors | Any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms
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| UV radiation | That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between X-rays and visible light between 40 and 400 nanometer wavelengths
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| Vitamin D | A steroid vitamin which promotes the intestinal absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus
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| homeostasis | The ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes
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| Abiotic factors | Non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organism and the functioning of ecosystems
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| Biotic factor | A living thing or any living component within an environment in which the action of the organism affects the life of another organism
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| Selective pressure | Any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment
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| evolution | Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
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| altitude | Space extended upward; height; the perpendicular elevation of an object above its foundation, above the ground, or above a given level, or of one object above another; as, the altitude of a mountain, or of a bird above the top of a tree
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| Selective factor | The preferential survival and reproduction or preferential elimination of individuals with certain genotypes, by means of natural or artificial controlling factors
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| adaptation | The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment; the state reaches by the biological population undergoing adjustments or changes
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| folate | A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy
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| Natural selection | The process in nature by which, according to Darwin, only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive & transmit their genetic characters in increasing numbers to succeeding generations while lose less adapted tend to be eliminated
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| population | All the organisms of the same group or species which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding
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| chromatid | Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division
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| Sister chromatid | Refers to the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere
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| Somatic cell | Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cell
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| gamete | The cells used during sexual reproduction to produce a new individual organism or zygote
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