Exam 6 - Lecture 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| CNS is composed of: | The brain and spinal cord (SC)
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| PNS is composed of: | Neural tissue outside of the CNS
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| Functions of PNS | 1. Delivers sensory information to the CNS 2. Delivers motor commands to periphery skin, organs, muscle, joints, etc
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| How many pairs of cranial nerves extend off of the brain? | 12
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| How many pairs of spinal nerves extend off of the spinal cord? | 31
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| Four components protecting the Spinal Cord | 1. Vertebrae 2. Adipose tissue and blood vessels 3. Cerebrospinal fluid 4. Meninges
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| Where do spinal nerves ‘exit’ the spinal cord? | Intervertebral Foramen
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| Disc | Between each vertebrae; acts as a shock absorber
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| Spinal column (bone) outgrows spinal cord (CNS) at ___ years old | 4
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| Adult spinal cord ends at | L1 (conus medullaris)
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| Cauda Equina begins at: | L1 (goes down from there)
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| Dorsal and Ventral roots of ___-___ spinal nerves extend inferiorly in spinal column and look like a horse’s tail | L2-S5
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| Adipose tissue and blood vessels are located in: | Epidural space
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid is located in: | Subarachnoid space and Central canal
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| Meninges are: | Collagen and elastin coverings of spinal cord
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| Functions of Meninges | 1. Protects from canal 2. Provides stability and shock absorption
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| Layers of the Meninges: | [outside] Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater [inside]
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| Dura Mater means: | ”Tough Mother”
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| Dura Mater is the _______ layer | outermost
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| Function of Dura Mater | Tethers spinal cord at the top and bottom of spinal canal
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| Dura Mater blends with _________ at the top of the spinal cord and becomes continuous with ________. | Foramen Magnum Periosteum; Cranial Dura
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| Dura Mater blends with _________ (which eventually blends with ________) at the bottom of the spinal cord | Coccygeal Ligament; Periosteum of Coccyx
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| Flium Terminale | (Terminal Thread) Fibrous tissue at the base of the spinal cord (L1) that extends into the sacrum and eventually forms the coccygeal ligament (which eventually blends with coccyx periosteum)
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| Arachnoid Mater means: | ”Spidery Mother”
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| Arachnoid Mater is the _______ layer | Middle
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| Arachnoid Mater is made up of: | Connective tissue that extends into underlying Pia Mater
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| Subarachnoid Space contains: | Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Vessels
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| Pia Mater means: | ”Delicate Mother”
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| Pia Mater is the _______ layer | Innermost
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| Pia Mater is made up of: | Connective tissue that is interwoven with above Arachnoid Mater and is firmly interwoven with underlying neural tissue (spinal cord)
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| Pia Mater is connected to the Arachnoid Mater and Dura Mater by: | Denticulate Ligaments
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| Denticulate Ligaments | Laterally extend from the Pia Mater to provide lateral stability (connect to the Arachnoid Mater and Dura Mater)
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| Epidural Space | Space between Dura Mater and Vertebrae
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| Subdural Space | Space between Dura Mater and underlying Arachnoid Mater
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| Subarachnoid Space | Space between Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater
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| Lumbar Puncture (LP)/Spinal Tap | CSF is removed from Subarachnoid Space; can detect infections, inflammation, cancer
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| LP/Spinal Tap removes CSF from: | Subarachnoid Space
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| Spinal Anesthetic | Injection into Subarachnoid Space/CSF that causes ’local’ blockage of sensory and motor nerves (more diffuse anesthesia)
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| Epidural Anesthetic | Injection into Epidural Space that causes local blockage of sensory (and some motor) nerves
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| Which Anesthetic is Injected into the Subarachnoid Space? | Spinal Anesthetic
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| Which Anesthetic is Injected into the Epidural Space? | Epidural Anesthetic
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| Gray Matter is composed of: | Nuclei/cell bodies, Neuroglia, Unmyelinated axons
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| Spinal Horns | ”H”-shaped gray matter in spinal cord
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| Dorsal Horn | Dorsal/’posterior’ gray matter of the spinal cord
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| Function of Dorsal Horn | Receives sensoty information from peripheral receptors (axons from Dorsal Roots synapse here)
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| Dorsal Horn receives ______ information | Sensory
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| Axons from Dorsal Roots synapse at the: | Dorsal Horn
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| Dorsal Root | Axons from Dorsal Root Nuclei that come off of the Dorsal Horn
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| Function of Dorsal Root | Afferent fibers that receive sensory information from periphery and send it to Dorsal Horn Nuclei in spinal cord [information in]
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| Dorsal Root Ganglia | Cell bodies of sensory neurons
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| Dorsal Root Ganglia have receptors in the ________ and synapse on cell bodies in _______. | Periphery; Dorsal Horn of spinal cord
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| Ventral Horn | Ventral/’anterior’ gray matter of the spinal cord
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| Function of Ventral Horn | Sends/Relays motor information to peripheral receptors
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| Ventral Horn sends ________ information | Motor
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| Axons from _______ synapse at the Ventral Horn | Ventral Roots
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| Ventral Root | Axons from Ventral Horn Nuclei
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| Function of Ventral Root | Efferent fibers that send/relay motor information to periphery to cause muscle movement, glandular secretions, etc
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| Ventral Root Ganglia | Non-existant; Nuclei of motor fibers are in Ventral Horn of spinal cord
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| Cell bodies of Ventral Root are in the: | Ventral Horn
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| Cell body of sensory neurons is located in: | Dorsal Root Ganglia
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| Cell body of motor neurons is located in: | Ventral Horn
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| Visceral Region of Dorsal Horn | Sensory (afferent) input from organs
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| Somatic Region of Dorsal Horn | Sensory (afferent) input from skin, muscles, joints
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| Visceral Region of Ventral Horn | Motor (efferent) output to organs
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| Somatic Region of Ventral Horn | Motor (efferent) output to skeletal muscles
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| Some regions of spinal cord have a lateral horn that contains cell bodies of ______ and _____. | SNS and PSNS
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| Spinal Nerves | Joining of Ventral and Dorsal Roots; Bundles of sensory and motor axons; Carry sensory and motor information
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| Spinal Nerves Carry what Type of Information? | Sensory and Motor
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| 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves Divided into: | 8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, 1 Coccygeal
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| How many Cervical Nerves? | 8
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| How many Thoracic Nerves? | 12
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| How many Lumbar Nerves? | 5
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| How many Sacral Nerves? | 5
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| How many Coccygeal Nerves? | 1
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| The Spinal Nerves are part of the ____ Nervouse System | Peripheral
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| White Matter | Outer section of Spinal Cord; Myelinated axon
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| Tracts | Bundles of similar (size, speed, direction, information) CNS axons; sensory or motor, not mixed
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| Can Tracts contain both sensory and motor nerves? | No, they cannot be mixed
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| Ascending Tracts | Carry Sensory information to brain
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| Descending Tracts | Carry Motor commands to spinal cord
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| Columns | Groups of Tracts (anterior, posterior, and lateral locations in Spinal Cord) that are a combination of sensory and motor tracts
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| Can Columns contain both sensory and motor Tracts? | Yes
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| Plexus | Network of nerves that innervate specific areas
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| Cervical Plexus Innervates: | Neck, Diaphragm
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| Brachial Plexus Innervates: | Chest, Arms
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| Lumbar Plexus Innervates: | Lower Torso, Legs
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| Celiac (Solar) Plexus Innervates: | Stomach/Diaphragm
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