Section Assessments
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| Identify cellular processes that need energy from ATP. | active transport, movement, and protein synthesis are examples.
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| How does ATP store energy? | ATP stores energy in its phosphate-phosphate bonds.
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| How can ADP be “recycled” to form ATP again? | A phosphate group can be added to ADP, reforming ATP.
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| How do proteins in your cells access the energy stored in ATP? | They may have a pocket that ATP will fit into so that when ATP releases energy, the protein can use it.
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| List three biological activities that require energy. | muscles contracting, heart pumping, brain functions.
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| Phosphate groups in ATP repel each other because they have negative charges. What charges might be present in the ATP binding site of a protein to attract ATP? | Opposite charges attract, so an ATP binding site might have a positive charge.
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| Why do you see green when you look at a leaf on a tree? Why do you see other colors in the fall? | The chlorophyll in the leaf reflects green and yellow while absorbing other colors. In the fall, chlorophyll is absorbed, revealing other leaf pigments.
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| How do the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis relate to the Calvin cycle? | ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle.
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| What is the function of water in photosynthesis? Explain the reaction that achieves this function. | Photolysis splits water to provide hydrogen ions for the Calvin cycle and restore electrons to chlorophyll.
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| How does the electron transport chain transfer light energy in photosynthesis? | Proteins convey energized electrons through the chloroplast.
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| In photosynthesis, is chlorophyll considered a reactant, a product, or neither? How does the role of chlorophyll compare with the roles of carbon dioxide and water? | Chlorophyll is neither a reactant or a product. It contributes electrons to photosynthesis but is not changed during the reaction. Carbon dioxide and water are reactants.
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| Compare the ATP yields of glycolysis, the citric cycle, and the electron transport chain. | Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules, the citric acid cycle produces one ATP molecule per turn (2 total for each glucose molecule), and the electron transport chain produces 32 ATP molecules.
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| How do alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation differ? | Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.
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| How is most of the ATP from aerobic respiration produced? | Most of the ATP is produced by the reactions of the electron transport chain.
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| Why is lactic acid fermentation important to the cell when oxygen is scarce? | It supplies energy when oxygen is unavailable.
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| How many ATP molecules are produced after the electrons go down the electron transport chain? | 32 ATP molecules are produced
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| Compare the energy-producing processes in a jogger’s leg muscles with those of a sprinter’s leg muscles. Which is likely to build up more lactic acid? Explain. | Aerobic respiration occurs in the muscles of both runners. The sprinter may build up more lactic acid because of an oxygen dept associated with the quick burst of energy.
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