Chapter 3
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| show | Action potentials
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| What are the 4 Fs? | show 🗑
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| What is the overall goal of the nervous system? | show 🗑
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| Neuron communicatie in a vaste network by ____ and ____ signals. | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons
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| show | Membrane
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| What are the 4 zones of importance in neurons? | show 🗑
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| "Branching projections from the cell body of the neuron, specialized for collecting information from thousands of tiny chemical signals & conveying that information into the neuron through the soma." | show 🗑
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| "The largest part of the neuron, it contains the nucleus and most of the specialized organelles of the cell." | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleus
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| The ___ plays a key role in integrating the signals coming from the dendrites. | show 🗑
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| "The long projection from the cell body of the neuron that is specialized for conveying information away from the neuron." | show 🗑
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| What are 3 ways axons differ from dendrites? | show 🗑
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| "Branches at the end of the axon, from which neurotransmitters are released. Optimized for the output of signals." | show 🗑
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| show | Synapses
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| show | Dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal
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| show | Sensory neurons
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| "Neurons that convey motor commands from the brain & spinal cord to the muscles of the body. Direct output to muscles or glands; they are the final step for signals to exit the nervous system & effect change in the body movement." | show 🗑
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| show | Afferent neurons
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| show | Motor
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| _____ neurons are afferent because they send information in to the brain. | show 🗑
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| show | Efferent neurons
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| show | 1.Multipolar neurons 2.Bipolar neurons 3.Monopolar neurons
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| show | Multipolar neurons
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| show | Bipolar neurons
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| show | Monopolar neurons
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| "Neurons all share the common feature of being _____; that is, they do not divide like many other cell types in the body." | show 🗑
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| show | sensory, touch, pain
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| Neurons are a type of ____. | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Provide ways to speed up the signaling from neurons 2.Regulate the concentration of extracelullar chemicals 3.Determine the extent to which networks of neurons can modify their connections
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| show | Glial cells (glia)
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| What are the 4 basic types of glial cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Oligodendrocytes
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| Oligodendrocytes are found only in the _____ nervous system. | show 🗑
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| show | Schwann cells
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| "A fatty material wrapped around the axons of neurons that provides electrical insulation of the membrane and thereby increases the speed of conduction of action potentials along the axon." | show 🗑
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| "Collections of myelin, each of which is wrapped around the length of the axon to speed up neural conduction." | show 🗑
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| "Gaps in the myelin sheaths that enable ions to cross the neuronal membrane in order to distribute the action potential along the axon." | show 🗑
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| Schwann cells are found in the _____ nervous system. | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Physical structural support 2.Maintain the balance of chemicals outside the neurons 3.Repair injuries in the central nervous system 4.Contrivute nutrients 5.Regulate blood flow to a region 6.Release chemical signals
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| show | Astrocytes
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| "(Glial cell) provide immune system functions for central nervous system. Constantly searching for any infectuous agents that might damage normal neural tissue. When they detect a foreign body, they consume & destroy it (prevent disease & inflammation)" | show 🗑
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| "Chemical substances, released when a neuron is active, that transmits signals to another neuron, changing that second neuron's activity." | show 🗑
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| show | Synaptc cleft
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| "Membrane-bound sacs of neurotransmitters stored in the presynaptic terminal of the axon." | show 🗑
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| show | Acetylcholine
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| "A class of neurotransmitters playing an important role in sleep, appetite, mood, anxiety, and other homeostatic, motivational, and emotional functions; includes dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and melotonin." | show 🗑
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| "A subtype of monoamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Help body respond to "fight-or-flight" actions" | show 🗑
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| "Neurotransmitter molecules that are the building blocks of proteins." | show 🗑
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| "A neurotransmitter molecule that is both an amino acid and the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system." | show 🗑
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| show | GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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| "Neurotransmitters that are built from short chains of amino acids." | show 🗑
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| "Neurotransmitters that transmit signals in the opposite direction of most neurtransmission, ie, backwards from postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic cell." | show 🗑
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| show | retrograde, postsynaptic, presynaptic
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| show | 1.Monoamines 2.Amino acids 3.Peptide neurotransmitters 4.Gases 5.Organic cation
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| show | 1.Dopamine 2.Serotonin 3.Epinephrine 4.Norepinephrine 5.Melatonin
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| Name 2 examples of amino acids (neurotransmitters). | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Cholecystokinin 2.Somatostatin 3.Neuropeptide Y
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| Name 2 examples of neurotransmitter gases. | show 🗑
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| Name 1 organic cation (neurotransmitter) | show 🗑
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| "Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that are specialized to interact with neurotransmitters and extert signaling effects on the cell, via mechanisms such as ion channels or metabolic signaling pathways." | show 🗑
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| show | Ionotropic receptors
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| "(Receptors) When activated by a neurotransmitter, exert effects on neural activity via cell-signaling pathways (ex: G-proteins); in contrast, ionotropic receptors contain channels & exert effects directly by altering the membrane potential of a neuron." | show 🗑
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| "A common type of metabotropic receptor that acts through a G-protein on the inner surface of the postsynaptic cell; some types of receptor for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine fall into this class." | show 🗑
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| show | G-proteins
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| show | Second messengers
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| show | Ion channels
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| show | Degradation
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| show | Reuptake
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| show | Transporters
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| What 3 methods clean out the neurotransmitters that have detached from the receptors and into the synaptic cleft? | show 🗑
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| "The difference in electric potential between the inside and outisde of the cell." | show 🗑
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| "Change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane > the inside of the cell becomes less negative, normally because of positively charged ions entering the cell; usually results from the release of excitatory neurotransmitters at the synapse." | show 🗑
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| "Change in membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane> inside of the cell becomes more -ve, because of + charged ions exciting the cell or - charged ions entering the cell; usually results from release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at the synapse." | show 🗑
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| show | drugs, medication
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| show | receptor
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| show | Action potential (nerve impulse or spike)
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| show | Temporal summation
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| show | Spatial summation
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| In which 2 ways can postsynaptic potentials add up so that the soma has the opportunity to integrate signals flowing into different parts of the dendrites? | show 🗑
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| show | When EPSPs and IPSPs arrive close in time and their contributions add up at the soma, leading to an action potential.
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| show | When signals arrive on different branches of the dendrites, converging at the soma, leading to an action potential
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| show | Depolarized
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| show | Threshold
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| "The portion of the axon that connects to the cell bosy. It is the most excitable part of the neuron and therefore the location where spikes (action potentials) are initiated." | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 ions that play key roles in making an action potential? | show 🗑
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| When the cell is at rest, there is a high concentration of ___ on the outside of the cell (with a much lower concentration on the inside) and a high concentration of ___ inside the cell (with a much lower concentration on the outside). | show 🗑
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| show | Voltage-gated ion channels
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| show | Concentration gradient
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| show | Electrical gradient
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| "The time following the action potential when the voltage-gated ion channels are inactivated and unable to generate another action potential (This is why the Na+ ions will find a way into the cell when the channels open)." | show 🗑
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| Why can't the action potential move back to a location where it has already occured, but can only travel forward? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Concentration gradient 2.Electrical gradient
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| "The distribution of an action potential along a myelinated axon, in which the axon potential "jumps" along the axon from one node of Ranvier to the next." | show 🗑
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| show | By blocking action potentials
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| show | 1.Action potential invades the axon terminal, opening Ca++ channels 2.The entry of Ca++ causes the vesicles to fuse with the membrane, allowing neurotransmitters to be released.
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| "A system in which neurons encode information about the stimulus by changing the number of action potentials they generate within a short window of time. For example, a mechanoreceptor may use higher firing rates to encode stronger tactile stimuli." | show 🗑
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| An output spike is a response to the coincidence of many ____ inputs arriving simultaneously. | show 🗑
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| Neurons are not driven by other, single neurons, but instead by activity patterns over a ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Local coding
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| Explain the "grandmother cell" concept (type of local-coding theory). | show 🗑
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| Why is the local coding theory unlikely (2 reasons)? | show 🗑
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| show | Population coding
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| show | Coalition
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| show | 1.Neurons can become active in such a way each neuron mutually excites the others 2.Neurons that are members of a temporary coalition fire synchronously, thereby distinguishing them from other neurons that are active for different reasons
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| show | synapses
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| show | synaptic cleft, receptors
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| show | threshold
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| show | Rate coding
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| Individually, neurons are ____; collectively, they can be precise. | show 🗑
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| show | populations, transient (imparmanent)
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