Chapter 1 (1-23, 24-47)
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| "The science that seeks out to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time." | show 🗑
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| show | Scientific method
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| show | Hypothesis
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| show | Empirical evidence
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| What are the 6 steps of the scientific method? | show 🗑
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| "The repitition of a study, using different participants." | show 🗑
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| show | Nature
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| "A general term for all the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived." | show 🗑
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| show | How much of any characteristic, behaviour, or emotion is a result of genes and how much is the result of specific experiences? Nature and nurture affect every human characteristic, in a dynamic interaction between genes and the environment.
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| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | show 🗑
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| show | 0-2 years
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| What is the approximate age range for the "early childhood" stage of development? | show 🗑
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| show | 6-11 years
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| What is the approximate age range for the "adolescence" stage of development? | show 🗑
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| show | 18-25
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| What is the approximate age range for the "adulthood" stage of development? | show 🗑
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| show | 65 +
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| show | 1.Infancy 2.Early childhood 3.Middle childhood 4.Adolescence 5.Emerging adulthood 6.Adulthood 7.Late adulthood
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| show | Lifespan perspective
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| What are the 5 characteristics of development? | show 🗑
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| Explain how development is multidirectional. | show 🗑
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| Discontinuity (of development) | show 🗑
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| Continuity (of development) | show 🗑
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| show | Sensitive period
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| Explain how development is multicontextual. | show 🗑
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| show | Ecological-systems approach
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| Bronfenbrenner's ecological model consists of what 4 systems? | show 🗑
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| show | Family, peer groups, classroom, neighbourhood, etc.
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| show | External networks such as educational, medical, employment, etc. Influences the microsystems.
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| show | Cultural patterns, political philosophies, social conditions, etc. Influences both the microsystems and the exosystems.
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| What does the mesosystem from Bronfenbrenner's ecological model consist of? | show 🗑
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| show | Importance of historical time ex: generation Z and electronics.
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| What 2 major contexts are a part of multicontextual development? | show 🗑
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| Explain the historical context of multicontextual development. | show 🗑
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| show | Cohorts
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| Explain the socioeconomic context of multicontextual development. | show 🗑
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| show | Socioeconomic status (SES)
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| show | Many cultures (not just between nations but also within them) affect how people develop.
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| "A system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviours, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behaviour and assumptions." | show 🗑
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| "Idea that is based on shared perceptions. Many age-related terms (childhood, adolescence, and senior citizen) are an example. Concept constructed, or made, by a society. They affect how people think and behave, what they value, ignore, and punish." | show 🗑
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| "The assumption that people unlike us (different) are inferior (deficit). The mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behaviour or characteristics that meet the standard." | show 🗑
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| show | Acculturation
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| show | Cognitive developmentalist > describing the interaction between culture and education.
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| show | Ethnic group
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| "A group of people regarded as distinct from other groups on the basis of appearance, typically skin color. Social scientists think it is a misleading concept, as biological differences are not signified by outward appearance." | show 🗑
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| "A system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviours and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behaviour and assumptions." | show 🗑
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| Explain how develoment is multidisciplinary. | show 🗑
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| show | Epigenetic
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| show | 1.Environment (physical, social, cultural) 2.Behaviour 3.Neural activity 4.Genetic activity
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| Depression is _____. Depression _____ and _____ throughout the lifespan. | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Low serotonin in brain 2.Childhood caregiver depression 3.Lack of daylight 4.Malnutrition 5.Lack of close friends 6.Diseases 7.Disruptive event 8.Death of mother before age 10 9.Absence of father during childhood 10. Poverty 11.Low cognitive skills
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| Explain how development is plastic. | show 🗑
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| "Human development can be mouled and yet people can maintain a certain durability of identity." | show 🗑
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| "A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between a person's physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including the family and society." | show 🗑
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| show | Differential sensitivity
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| show | 1.Nature and nurture always interact 2.Certain periods of life are sensitive periods, more affected by particular events than others 3.Differential sensitivity
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| show | Theory
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| "A more limited explanation of phenomena, may be proven false." | show 🗑
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| "Observations, questions, theory > hypothesis that can be tested > data collected through research > results are reported." | show 🗑
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| "A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth, Provides a framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development." | show 🗑
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| "(Sigmund Freud) A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behaviour." | show 🗑
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| What are Freud's 6 stages of psychosexual stages? | show 🗑
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| According to Freud, the early stages of development provide what? | show 🗑
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| show | Freud
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| show | 1.Trust & mistrust 2.Autonomy vs shame & doubt 3.Initiative vs guilt 4.Industry vs inferiority (learning new skills or being unable to do so) 5.Identity vs role confusion 6.Intimacy vs isolation 7.Generativity vs stagnation 8.Integrity vs despair
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| Erikson claimed that his psychosocial theory was epigenetic, because... | show 🗑
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| Like Freud, Erikson believed that... (development) | show 🗑
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| "A theory of human development that describes the laws and processes by which observable behaviour is learned (behaviour is influenced by the social environment and by how people are rewarded or punished when they act in certain ways." | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Behaviourism 2.Social learning theory
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| "(Watson) A learning theory based on the idea that behaviours can be trained and changed in response to stimuli in the environment." | show 🗑
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| show | Early habits and patterns can be unlearned, even reversed.
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| Opposed to Freud's idea of unconscious urges, Watson believed that... | show 🗑
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| show | Behaviourism (learning theory)
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| show | Conditioning
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| show | Conditioning
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| show | Operant conditioning
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| "A technique for conditioning a particular behaviour in which that behaviour is followed by somethinf desired, such as good for a hungry animal or a welcoming smile for a lonely person." | show 🗑
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| show | Theory's emphasis on the origins and consequences of observed behaviour > many actions that seem to be genetic, or to be resulted from deeply rooted emotional problems, are actually learned > if something is learned it can be unlearned > plasticity.
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| "An extension of behaviourism that emphasizes that other people influence each person's behaviour > even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and limitation of other people." | show 🗑
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| show | Cognitive theory
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| Cognition is not only thinking, but also ____, ____, and ____. | show 🗑
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| According to Piaget's cognitive theory, development occurs in what 4 major age-related periods? | show 🗑
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| show | 0-2 years old, motor abilities to udnerstand the world, no reflection
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| According to Piaget's cognitive theory of development, the "preoperational" stage occurs at what age? What does it encompass? | show 🗑
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| According to Piaget's cognitive theory of development, the "concrete operational" stage occurs at what age? What does it encompass? | show 🗑
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| show | 12-adulthood, analytical and logical, not just emotional
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| show | Cognitive equilibrium
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| show | Cognitive disequilibrium
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| show | 1.Assimilation (new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas) 2.Accomodation (old ideas are restructured to include, or accomodate, new experiences)
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| show | assimilation, accomodation
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| show | Family systems theory
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| "(Maslow) A theory that stresses the potential of all human beings for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background." | show 🗑
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| What are Maslow's 5 stages of hierarchy of needs (broadest to highest, pyramid-shape)? | show 🗑
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| show | Evolutionary theory
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| Freud emphasized _____ urges. | show 🗑
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| Learning theory focuses on the fact that people's behaviours are influenced by... | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 learning theories? | show 🗑
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| Behaviourism contends that poeple have learned most of what they do either through _____ or _____. | show 🗑
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| Social learning theory states that individuals can learn by ____ and _____. | show 🗑
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| Family systems theory focuses on... | show 🗑
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| show | self-actualization
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| show | 1.Scientific observation 2.The experiment 3.The survey
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| "A method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants' behaviour in a systematic and objective manner - in a natural setting, in a laboratory, or in searches of archival data." | show 🗑
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| "A research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between 2 variables by manipulating one (the independent variable) and then observing and recording the ensuing changes in the other (dependent variable)." | show 🗑
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| show | Dependent variable
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| show | Experimental group
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| In research, the group that does not get a particular treatment. Dependent variable. | show 🗑
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| show | Survey
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| show | 1.Not always accurate (ex:some people lie, others change their mind) 2.Surveys answers are influenced by wording and the sequence of questions 3.Respondent present themselves as they would like to be perceived
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| "An in-depth study of one person, usually requiring personal interviews to collect background information and various follow-up discussion, tests, questionnaires, and so on." | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Assumptions and interpretations of the researcher are more likely to bias the results than would a suvrey that has been validated on hundreds of people 2.Case study applies only to one person, who may be quite unlike other people
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| What are the 3 basic research methods used to capture the dynamism over the lifespan (designs)? | show 🗑
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| "A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed." | show 🗑
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| show | 1.May withdraw, move to an unknown address, die 2.Increasing awareness of questions or goals of study > cause participants to change to "suit" study 3.Historical data - isn't current or relevant by the time it is gathered 4.Requires years of data
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| "A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics." | show 🗑
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| "A hybrid research in which researchers study several groups of people of different ages (cross-sectional approach) and then follow these groups over the years (longitudinal approach)." | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Time consuming, similar drwabacks to longitudinal research 2.$$$
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| Which is the best method (yields the best information) out of the cross-sectional design, cross-sequential design, and longitudinal research? | show 🗑
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| Surveys are quick, and case studies are detailed, but both are vulnerable to ____. | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Misinterpreting correlation 2.Depending too heavily on numbers 3. Ignoring ethics
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| show | Correlation
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| show | Both variables tend to increase together or decrease together.
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| Negative correlation | show 🗑
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| show | No connection is evident
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| show | causation
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| "Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales." | show 🗑
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| show | Data easier to replicate and less open to bias
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| "Research that considers qualities instead of quantities. Descriptions of particular conditions and particpants' expressed ideas are often part of these studies." | show 🗑
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| What is an advantage of qualitative research? | show 🗑
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| show | More vulnerable to bias and harder to replicate
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| REB stands for what and what is its purpose? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Respect for the dignity of persons (non-discrimmination, informed consent, confidentiality) 2.Responsible caring (maximize benefits, minimizing harm) 3.Integrity in relationships (avoidance of any conflict of interest) 4.Responsibility to society
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| show | accuracy, honesty, fraud, misrepresentations
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| Correlation is not causation. Two variables may be related, not necessarily because one causes the other, but perhaps because... | show 🗑
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| Culture, ethnicity and race are ____ ____, concepts created by society. | show 🗑
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| show | beliefs, patterns
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| show | ancestral heritage
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| Development is _____, which means that although inborn traits and childhood experiences affect later development, patterns and possibilities can change throughout life. | show 🗑
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| show | Systems theory
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| show | Humanism
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| show | Evolutionary theory
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