The Six Concepts of Music
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| Structure | The way the piece is constructed. eg verse chorus
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| Binary Form | Refers to a composition with two main section, called Section A and Section B.
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| Ternary Form | Has three sections, Section A, Section B, then a return to Section A.
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| Rondo Form | Has many sections. It starts with a main theme or statement Section A, followed by a number of new sections. This form is ABACADAE etc.
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| Theme & Variations | Is similar to rondo form. The main theme is usually a distinctive melody, which is then changed and adapted in subsequent sections.
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| Through Composed | The piece does not repeat any material.
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| Strophic Form | A form where there are several verses, each with different words but the same basic musical accompaniment.
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| Verse Chorus Form | Used in popular music. This form uses verses, choruses, bridges, solo's, into's and outgo's.
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| 12 Bar BLues | Uses chords 1, 4 and 5in the following format:
I I I I used in blues and Jazz stules
IV IV I I
V IV I V
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| Tone Colour | The quality of sound. The unique sond of an instrument eg Trumpet Bright and Brassy: Don't use emotional words like happy and sad.
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| Change of Instrumentation | The tone colour (Timbre) changes every time the line up of instruments change.
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| Change of Dynamics | The tone colour may change depending on the dynamic level it is played at.
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| Western Instruments | Woodwind, Brass, Percussion, Strings
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| Woodwind (No Reed) | Piccolo, Flute
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| Woodwind (Single Reed) | Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Soprano Saxophone, Alto Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone, Baritone Saxophone
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| Woodwind (Double Reed) | Oboe, Cor Anglis, Clarinet, Bassoon
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| Strings | Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass, Harp, Guitar, Bass Guitar, Electric Guitar, Banjo, Ukulele
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| Brass | Cornet, Trumpet, Trombone, Bass Trombone, French Horn, Tuba
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| Percussion (Drums) | Bass Drum, Snare Drum, Conga's, Bongo's, Timpani
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| Percussion (Keyboard) | Piano, Xylophone, Marimba, Glockenspiel, Tubula Bells, Vibraphone
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| Percussion (Auxiliary) | Slide Whistle, Kazoo, Triangle, Tambourine, Wood Blocks, Gong, Egg Shakers, Ratchet, Vibraslap, Anvil, Agogo Bells, Bell Tree, Guiro
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| Non-Western Instruments | Aerophones, Membranophones, Chordophones, Idiophones, Electric Sounds.
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| Aerophones | Any instrument which uses a vibrating column of air.
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| Membranophones | Any instrument which uses a vibrating membrane stretched across a hollow body.
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| Chordophones | Any instrument which uses a vibrating string.
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| Idiophones | Percussion Instruments.
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| Electric Sounds | Any sound created by electronic means.
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| Concepts of Music | Structure, Tone Colour, Dynamic and Expressive Techniques, Pitch, Duration, Texture
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| Dynamics | Volume Level (Eg Forte Loud, Mezzo Forte Medium volume, Soft Piano)
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| Pianissimo (pp) | Very Soft
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| Piano (p) | Soft
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| Mezzo Piano (mp) | Moderately Soft
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| Mezzo Forte (mf) | Moderately Loud
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| Forte (f) | Loud
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| Fortissimo (ff) | Very Loud
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| Sforzando (sfz) | Loud and Forcefully
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| Crescendo | To gradually get louder.
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| Decrescendo | To gradually get softer
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| Expressive Techniques | Legato, Staccato, Accent, Vibrato, Tremolo, Tenuto, Glissando
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| Legato | Smoothly and well connected.
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| Staccato | Short and detached.
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| Accent | Stressing or emphasising the note or chord.
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| Vibrato | vibrating or slightly shaking the sound, creating a tiny variation in pitch.
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| Tremolo | The quick repetition of the same note.
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| Tenuto | Play the note for the full value.
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| Glissando | A rapid scale played in a sliding motion.
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| Texture | The layers of sound in a piece. Eg Thick, Many Layers: Eg Orchestra , Medium Rock Band, Thin Solo
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| Monophonic Texture | A single layer, one melodic line, unison.
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| Homophonic Texture | Two layers, a melody line with a chordal accompaniment.
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| Polyphonic Texture | Multiple layers, many melodic lines playing at the same time, complex melodies and counter melodies.
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| Unison | When two or more instruments play the same note at the same pitch.
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| Doubling | Occurs when the same melody is played by more than one instrument an octave apart.
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| Imitation | Occurs when a melody or melodic fragment is copied with another instrument.
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| Call and Response | Occurs when a solo instrument makes a melodic statement or "call" and a larger group replies with a different statement.
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| Similar Motion | Occurs when melodic contour of two melodies is the same.
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| Contrary Motion | Means that melodies move in opposite directions.
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| Duration | The different lengths of times.
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| Rhythm | Patterns of long and short sounds.
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| Polyrhythm | Refers to the uses of two or more conflicting rhythm patterns or accents at the same time.
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| Cross rhythm | A type of polyrhythm where two metres are played at the same time. Mostly cross rhythms are used when 3/4 is played against 6/8.
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| Ostinato | A repeated rhythmic pattern
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| Riff | A short repeated phrase. ONLY used in popular music.
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| Free Rhythm | Describe music where the beat is indefinite.
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| Beat | The main time of a unit of a composition.
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| Pulse | The underlying pattern of strong beats.
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| Metre/Time Signature | The way beats are grouped together and measured.
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| Bar | A group of beats or notes. Indicated by a bar line.
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| Anacrusis | A note(s) occurring before the first beat of the first bar of a composition. These notes together with the notes in the incomplete last bar add to create one complete bar of music.
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| Time Signature | Numbers used at the beginning of a composition to explain the metre, or how many beats are in each bar.
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| Simple Time | Based on simple, or whole beats lake crotchets or minims (e.g. 2/4, 3/4, 4/4)
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| Compound Time | Passed on dotted beats, such as dotted crotchets. (e.g. 6/8, 9/8, 12/8)
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| Multimetre | Where some pieces use numerous changes in time signature in quick succession.
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| Accent | Means emphasis or stress. Achieved by playing one note or chord louder than the others.
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| Syncopation | Occurs when the accent is on the weaker beats. Or Weaker beats are tied to strong beats. A sensation of pulling across the bar.
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| Backbeat | Is a feature of rock, popular and rhythm and blues music. The emphasis is on 2 and 4
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| Pitch | The highness and lowness of sound.
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| Melody | Is a series of pitches, one after the other. (The Tune)
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| Scale | A series of pitches based on a main, or "home" pitch. Usually there are 8 pitches in a scale, ascending and descending by step.
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| Major Scale | Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone has a brighter sound
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| Minor Scale | Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone and a Half, Semitone. Has a more dull sound
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| Chromatic Scale | Consisting of all semitones
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| Pentatonic Scale | Consisting of 5 notes, usually scale degrees 1 2 4 5 6. Used in Jazz and Folk, Global music
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| Mode | Aeolian (Minor), Lydian, Phrygian, Ionian (major), Dorian, Mixolydian, Locrian
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| Aeolian (Minor) | Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone.
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| Lydian | Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Semitone.
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| Phrygian | Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone.
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| Ionian (Major) | Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone.
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| Dorian | Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone.
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| Mixolydian | Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone
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| Locrian | Semitone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone.
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| Raga | A type of scale used in Indian music, often with different patterns for ascending and descending parts.
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| Semitone | The distance between one pitch and he pitch closest to it.
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| Tone | The distance between notes = two semitones.
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| Imitation | Where a part of the melody or an entire melody is copied exactly by another instrument.
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| Repetition | The main melody of a composition is played more than once.
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| Ostinato | A repeated pattern of notes.
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| Sequence | A fragment or motif that is repeated at different pitches.
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| Onamentation | The frilly bits added to a melody to make it sound more interesting. Eg grace notes, mordents, melismas
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| Improvisation | To create music at the time of the performance based on the chords under.
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| Phrase | A musical sentence. Contains part or all of the melody.
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| Motif | A short part of the melody that has an important roll in a composition. Represents a character or theme eg Darth Vader Star Wars
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| Fragment | A section of the melody which is shorter than a phrase.
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| Range | The distance from the lowest note to the highest note.
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| Interval | The distance between two pitches.
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| Contour | The shape of the melody. It can be ascending or descending and it can move in steps, skips and leaps. This is a good one to draw.
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| Types of Melody | Counter Melody, Call and Response, Question and Answer, Cannon
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| Counter Melody | A second contrasting melody that is played at the same time and the main melody.
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| Call and Response | "Call" is a melodic phrase that changes and is followed by a "response" that is the same each time.
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| Question and Answer | "Question" is a melodic phrase that is not resolved, and ends with an interrupted or imperfect cadence.
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| Cannon | A melodic construction where the tune or theme is introduced, then a few bars later, another instrument or line plays the same (contrapuntal) melody, followed by another instrument and another etc.
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| Harmony (tonality) | Most compositions rebased on one pitch acts as a "home".
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| Harmony (modulation) | Modulation is temporarily changing the home key.
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| Harmony (chords) | Where three or more notes are played together.
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| Chord Progression | The name of a pattern of chords.
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| Rate of Harmonic Change | The rate the music moves from one chord to the next.
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| Harmony (Cadence) | Perfect Cadence, Plagal Cadence, Interrupted Cadence, Imperfect Cadence.
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| Consonant Harmony | Pleasant to the ear.
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| Dissonant Harmony | Unpleasant to hear.
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| W W W W | Where (locate)
Who is playing
What is playing
Why is it important and how?
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