FA Review
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| What are the hallmarks of cancer? | 1. Evasion of apoptosis
2. Growth signal self-sufficiency
3. anti-growth signal insensitivity
4. Warburg effect
5. Sustained angiogenesis
6. limitless replicative potential
7. Tissue invasion
8. Metastasis
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| Shift of glucose metabolism aways from mitochondria toward glycolysis | Warburg effect
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| Loss of uniformity of cell size and shape; loss of tissue orientation, nuclear changes | DYSPLASIA
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| Irreversible severe dysplasia that involves the entire thickness of epithelium but does not penetrate the intact basement membrane. | Carcinoma in situ
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| Cell have invaded the basement membrane using COLLAGENASES and HYDROLASES (metalloproteinases). | Invasive carcinoma
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| Invasive carcinoma causes: | Cell-cell lost by inactivation of E-cadherin
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| Spread to distant organ via the lymphatics or blood | Metastasis
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| Carcinoma implies ________________ origin. | Epithelial
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| Sarcoma implies or denotes _________________________ origin. | Mesenchymal
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| Benign cancer of the Epithelium? | Adenoma and papilloma
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| Malignant form of cancer of the epithelium? | Adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma
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| Which tissues demarc Mesenchymal origin? | Blood cells, blood vessels, smooth muscle, striated muscle, connective tissue, bone, fat, melanocyte.
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| Leukemia, lymphoma | Malignant cancer of the blood cells
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| Leiomyoma is _______________ form of cancer in _______-muscle, and Leiomyosarcoma is the __________________ form. | Bening; Smooth muscle; Malignant
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| Nevus/mole is an example of? | Mesenchymal benign melanocytic cancer
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| Degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology, is the definition of_____________________. | Tumor Grade
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| Tumor Stage | Degree of localization/spread based on seite and size of Primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases.
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| TNM staging system: | T= tumor size/invasiveness
N= node involvement
M= Metastases
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| Tumor Grade uses scale form _______ grade (___________________) to _______ grade (_____________________). | Low grade (well differentiated); High grade (poorly differentiated)
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| Well differentiated tumors: | Often less aggressive; closely resemble their origin tissue
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| More aggressive tumors, with little to no resemble to their tissue of origin. | Poorly-differentiated tumors
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| Tumor grade vs stage. Which has greater PROGNOSTIC value? | STAGE
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| What are the most common Musculoskeletal and Cutaneous Paraneoplastic syndromes? | 1. Dermatomyositis
2. Acanthosis nigricans
3. Sign of Leser-Trelat
4. Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
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| Abnormal proliferation of skin and bone at DISTAL extremities, --> clubbin, arthralgia, joint effusions, and periostitis of tubular bones. Dx? Associated tumor? | Hypertrophic osteodystrophy; Adenocarcinoma of the lung
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| Gottron papules and Heliotrope rash area classical signs seen in ______________________, which has high associated ithe _______________________, especially ___________________. | Dermatomyositis; Adenocarcinomas; Ovarian
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| Sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses | Sign of Leser-Trelat
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| What tumors are associated with sign of Leser-Trelat? | GI adenocarcinomas and other visceral malignancies
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| Hypercalcemia, Cushing Syndrome, and Hyponatremia are common manifestations of? | ENDOCRINE Paraneoplastic Syndromes
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| PTHrP | Manifest with Hypercalcemia; Associated wit Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, head, and neck; bladder, renal, breast, and ovarian carcinomas
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| Increased ACTH is seen in | Cushing Syndrome
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| Small cell lung cancer is associated with SIADH, and it is manifested with _______________________. | Hyponatremia
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| Polycythemia, Pure red cell aplasia, Good syndrome, Trousseau syndrome, Nonbacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis | HEMATOLOGIC Paraneoplastic Syndrome manifestations
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| What malignancies/tumors are associated with the development of Polycythemia? | Pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, HCC, hemangioblastoma, leiomyoma
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| What is Good syndrome? | Paraneoplastic Hematologic manifestation, causes of Hypogammaglobulinemia. Associated with Thymoma.
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| Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis | Trousseau Syndrome
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| Thymoma is manifested with: | 1. Pure red cell aplasia, causes anemia with low reticulocytes,
2. Good syndrome, causing Hypogammaglobulinemia
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| Ovarian Teratoma is associated with: | Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, which causes psychiatric disturbances, memory deficits, seizurses, dyskinesias, autonomic instability, language dysfunction.
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| Formal name/nomenclature for "Dancing eyes, dancing feet" seen in Neuroblastoma (children) and small cell lung cancer (adults) | Opsoclonus-Myoclonus ataxia syndrome
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| Lambert -Eaton Myasthenic syndrome. Clinical manifestations?Malignancy association? | Associated with Small cell lung cancer, and it is the presence of antibodies against PREsynaptic (P/Q-type) Ca2+-channels at NMJ
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| What is the difference of antibody attack between MG and LEMS? | MG antibodies are against POSTsynaptic ACh receptors at NMJ, nad LEMS antibodies are against PREsynaptic Ca2+-channels at NMJ.
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| What tumor is associated with the development of Myasthenia Gravis? | Thymoma
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| The gain of function mutation converts proto-oncogene (normal gene)j to __________________ leading to increased cancer risk. | Oncogene
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| Need damage to only one allele of a proto-oncogene | Oncogene
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| ALK: | Oncogene; Receptor tyrosine kinase;
Associated with Lung adenocarcinoma
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| Which oncogenes have Tyrosine Kinase as gene product? | BCR-ABL and JAK-2
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| Oncogenes with Receptor tyrosine kinase? | ALK, HER2/neu (c-erbB2), and RET
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| c-MYC, MYCL1, and N-myc (MYCN), all have which gene product? | Transcription factor
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| KRAS. Gene product? Associated neoplasm? | GTPase gene product, associated with Colon cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
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| Follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphomas: | BCL-2 gene, which is an Antiapoptotic molecule
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| Gene product seen in Follicular Large B cell lymphoma | Anti-apoptotic
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| Which oncogene is shared by Melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and papillary thyroid carcinoma? | BRAF gene, which produces a Serine/Threonine kinase
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| Serine/threonine kinase gene product is seen in: | BRAF gene, and associated with Melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma,and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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| Papillary Thyroid carcinoma by definition is an ____________ origin tumor. | Epithelial
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| What gene is associated with chronic myeloproliferative disorders? | JAK-2
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| Breast and gastric lymphomas have: | HER2/neu gene, (receptor tyrosine kinase)
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| c-KIT? | Oncogene, labeled as CYTOKINE receptor; Associated with Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
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| GIST | c-KIT oncogene (cytokine receptor)
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| MYCL1 is associated with? | A transcription factor associated with Lung cancer
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| GTPase gene product | KRAS gene; associated with Colon, lung and pancreatic cancer.
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| TGF-alpha: | Oncogene associated with Astrocytoma and HCC
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| Uncontrolled cellular growth and division due to cell been "turn-on" permanently, is the mode of action seen in? | Oncogenes
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| If a mutation causes the "turning off" of a process, which results in uncontrolled cell division, such process is seen in? | Tumor suppressor genes
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| In analogy, the oncogenes are compared to the car's ______________ pedal, and the tumor suppressor genes are the car's ____________ pedal. | Oncogene --- accelerator pedal
Tumor suppressor genes -----brake pedal
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| Gene, under normal conditions, that slow down the progression of the cell cycle, allowing for proper proliferation-apoptosis homeostasis. | Tumor suppressor genes
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| Loss of function --> Increased cancer risk | Tumor suppressor genes
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| Negative regulator of B-catenin/ WNT pathway | APC gene;
Associated with Colorectal cancer (FAP associated)
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| APC is a ______________________ gene, that is associated with __________________ cancer, which is then associated with _______. | Tumor suppressor; Colorectal cancer; FAP
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| DNA repair protein | BRCA1/BRCA2
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| Which DNA repair protein is associated with Breast, ovatian, and Pancreatic cancer? | BRCA1/BRCA2
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| Colon cancer is developed by mutation to _________ gene | DCC
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| DCC --->______________________________ DPC----->_____________________________ | Deleted in Colon Cancer
Deleted n Pancreatic Cancer
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| PTEN tumor suppressor gene? | Negatively regulates PI3k/AKT pathway, and its mutation results in development to Breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer.
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| Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma are due to mutation of? | Rb tumor suppressor gene
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| Role or product of Rb gene? | Inhibit E2F;
Blocks G1--> S phase
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| TSC1 and TSC2 encode for product _________________ protein and _________________ protein, respectively. Associated with Autosomal dominant disorder, __________________ _____________. | Hamartin protein; Tuberin protein;
Tuberous sclerosis
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| The gene that is responsible for development of Wilms tumor is a _______________ gene, which is considered a ______________________. | WT1 gene; Transcription factor that regulates urogenital development
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| APC, DCC, BRCA1/2, NF1/2, PTEN, Rb, TP53, VHL are all ___________________________. | TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
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| EBV (microbe) is associated with which cancer? | 1. Burkitt Lymphoma
2. Hodgkin Lymphoma
3. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4. Primary CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients
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| Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with which microbes? | HBV and HCV
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| H. pylori is associated with: | Gastric adenocarcinomas and MALT lymphoma
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| Common name for Clonorchis sinensis? Associated cancer? | Liver fluke is associated with Cholangiocarcinoma
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| S. haematobium | Bladder cancer (squamous cell)
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| Adult T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma is associated with what virus? | HTLV-1
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| Cervical and penile/anal carcinoma is highly associated with: | HPV infection
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| Which types of HPV are associated with Cervical carcinoma development? | 16 & 18
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| P-glycoprotein is related or associated to what concept? | Decreased responsiveness overtime to chemotherapy, as it pumps out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents.
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| PSA | Prostate cancer
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| CEA | Major associations: Colorectal and Pancreatic cancers
Minor associations: gastric, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinomas
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| Marker for Pancreatic adenocarcinoma? | CA 19-9
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| CA 125 is? | Marker for OVARIAN cancer
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| AFP is seen elevated in which tumors? | HCC, Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor, Mixed germ cell tumor, Ataxia-telangiectasia, Neural tube defects
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| What is a common marker for Hydatidiform moles and Choriocarcinomas, testicular cancer, and mixed germ cell tumor? | B-hCG
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| Metastases to bone or liver, Paget disease of bone, and seminoma (placental _________). Conditions seen with elevated? | Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
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| Marker LDH indicates what cancers? | Testicular germ cell tumors, ovarian dysgerminoma
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| What marker can be used as indicator of tumor burden? | LDH
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| Positive for S-100? | Melanoma, Schwannoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
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| What is the target of S-100 staining? | Neural crest cells
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| Which CNS tumors are + for GFAP? | Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma, as it stains for Neuroglia
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| What are common cells defined under Neuroglia? | Astrocytes, Schwann cells, and Oligodendrocytes
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| What is the MC type of cancer INCIDENCE in men? women? Children? | MEN -- Prostate
WOMEN --> breast
CHILDREN --> Leukemia
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| Cancer mortality MC in men, women, and children? | Men and Women ----- Lung
Children --- Leukemia
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| Colon/rectum cancer presents as ____________ in place in women and men cancer ___________________ and _____________________. | THIRD (3RD);
Incidence and Mortality
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| Skin cancer occurence: | BASAL >> Squamous >> melanoma
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| What happens in mutations to Proto-oncogenes? | Increase in growth factors leading to autocrine loop
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| An increase in PDGF in a brain tumor is an example of which cancer hallmark? | Growth signal self-sufficiency, mutation in an protooncogene
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| What is the result of mutations in growth factor receptos? | Constitutive signaling
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| What is an example of a cancer with a mutated growth factor receptor? | HER2/neu in breast cancer
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| What are the two mechanisms of Anti-growth signal insensitivity? | 1. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes
2. Loss of E-cadherin function leading to loss of contact inhibition
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| What is an important example of an mutation leading to loss of E-cadherin function? | NF2 mutations
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| What is the mechanism of action of limitless replicative potential in cancer cells? | Reactivation of telomerase, which leads to maintenance and lengthening of telomeres, preventing chromosome shortening and cell aging
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| What is an important pro-angiogenic factor? | VEGF
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