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Neoplasia 1.1
FA Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the hallmarks of cancer? | 1. Evasion of apoptosis 2. Growth signal self-sufficiency 3. anti-growth signal insensitivity 4. Warburg effect 5. Sustained angiogenesis 6. limitless replicative potential 7. Tissue invasion 8. Metastasis |
| Shift of glucose metabolism aways from mitochondria toward glycolysis | Warburg effect |
| Loss of uniformity of cell size and shape; loss of tissue orientation, nuclear changes | DYSPLASIA |
| Irreversible severe dysplasia that involves the entire thickness of epithelium but does not penetrate the intact basement membrane. | Carcinoma in situ |
| Cell have invaded the basement membrane using COLLAGENASES and HYDROLASES (metalloproteinases). | Invasive carcinoma |
| Invasive carcinoma causes: | Cell-cell lost by inactivation of E-cadherin |
| Spread to distant organ via the lymphatics or blood | Metastasis |
| Carcinoma implies ________________ origin. | Epithelial |
| Sarcoma implies or denotes _________________________ origin. | Mesenchymal |
| Benign cancer of the Epithelium? | Adenoma and papilloma |
| Malignant form of cancer of the epithelium? | Adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma |
| Which tissues demarc Mesenchymal origin? | Blood cells, blood vessels, smooth muscle, striated muscle, connective tissue, bone, fat, melanocyte. |
| Leukemia, lymphoma | Malignant cancer of the blood cells |
| Leiomyoma is _______________ form of cancer in _______-muscle, and Leiomyosarcoma is the __________________ form. | Bening; Smooth muscle; Malignant |
| Nevus/mole is an example of? | Mesenchymal benign melanocytic cancer |
| Degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology, is the definition of_____________________. | Tumor Grade |
| Tumor Stage | Degree of localization/spread based on seite and size of Primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases. |
| TNM staging system: | T= tumor size/invasiveness N= node involvement M= Metastases |
| Tumor Grade uses scale form _______ grade (___________________) to _______ grade (_____________________). | Low grade (well differentiated); High grade (poorly differentiated) |
| Well differentiated tumors: | Often less aggressive; closely resemble their origin tissue |
| More aggressive tumors, with little to no resemble to their tissue of origin. | Poorly-differentiated tumors |
| Tumor grade vs stage. Which has greater PROGNOSTIC value? | STAGE |
| What are the most common Musculoskeletal and Cutaneous Paraneoplastic syndromes? | 1. Dermatomyositis 2. Acanthosis nigricans 3. Sign of Leser-Trelat 4. Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy |
| Abnormal proliferation of skin and bone at DISTAL extremities, --> clubbin, arthralgia, joint effusions, and periostitis of tubular bones. Dx? Associated tumor? | Hypertrophic osteodystrophy; Adenocarcinoma of the lung |
| Gottron papules and Heliotrope rash area classical signs seen in ______________________, which has high associated ithe _______________________, especially ___________________. | Dermatomyositis; Adenocarcinomas; Ovarian |
| Sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses | Sign of Leser-Trelat |
| What tumors are associated with sign of Leser-Trelat? | GI adenocarcinomas and other visceral malignancies |
| Hypercalcemia, Cushing Syndrome, and Hyponatremia are common manifestations of? | ENDOCRINE Paraneoplastic Syndromes |
| PTHrP | Manifest with Hypercalcemia; Associated wit Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, head, and neck; bladder, renal, breast, and ovarian carcinomas |
| Increased ACTH is seen in | Cushing Syndrome |
| Small cell lung cancer is associated with SIADH, and it is manifested with _______________________. | Hyponatremia |
| Polycythemia, Pure red cell aplasia, Good syndrome, Trousseau syndrome, Nonbacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis | HEMATOLOGIC Paraneoplastic Syndrome manifestations |
| What malignancies/tumors are associated with the development of Polycythemia? | Pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, HCC, hemangioblastoma, leiomyoma |
| What is Good syndrome? | Paraneoplastic Hematologic manifestation, causes of Hypogammaglobulinemia. Associated with Thymoma. |
| Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis | Trousseau Syndrome |
| Thymoma is manifested with: | 1. Pure red cell aplasia, causes anemia with low reticulocytes, 2. Good syndrome, causing Hypogammaglobulinemia |
| Ovarian Teratoma is associated with: | Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, which causes psychiatric disturbances, memory deficits, seizurses, dyskinesias, autonomic instability, language dysfunction. |
| Formal name/nomenclature for "Dancing eyes, dancing feet" seen in Neuroblastoma (children) and small cell lung cancer (adults) | Opsoclonus-Myoclonus ataxia syndrome |
| Lambert -Eaton Myasthenic syndrome. Clinical manifestations?Malignancy association? | Associated with Small cell lung cancer, and it is the presence of antibodies against PREsynaptic (P/Q-type) Ca2+-channels at NMJ |
| What is the difference of antibody attack between MG and LEMS? | MG antibodies are against POSTsynaptic ACh receptors at NMJ, nad LEMS antibodies are against PREsynaptic Ca2+-channels at NMJ. |
| What tumor is associated with the development of Myasthenia Gravis? | Thymoma |
| The gain of function mutation converts proto-oncogene (normal gene)j to __________________ leading to increased cancer risk. | Oncogene |
| Need damage to only one allele of a proto-oncogene | Oncogene |
| ALK: | Oncogene; Receptor tyrosine kinase; Associated with Lung adenocarcinoma |
| Which oncogenes have Tyrosine Kinase as gene product? | BCR-ABL and JAK-2 |
| Oncogenes with Receptor tyrosine kinase? | ALK, HER2/neu (c-erbB2), and RET |
| c-MYC, MYCL1, and N-myc (MYCN), all have which gene product? | Transcription factor |
| KRAS. Gene product? Associated neoplasm? | GTPase gene product, associated with Colon cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. |
| Follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphomas: | BCL-2 gene, which is an Antiapoptotic molecule |
| Gene product seen in Follicular Large B cell lymphoma | Anti-apoptotic |
| Which oncogene is shared by Melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and papillary thyroid carcinoma? | BRAF gene, which produces a Serine/Threonine kinase |
| Serine/threonine kinase gene product is seen in: | BRAF gene, and associated with Melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma,and papillary thyroid carcinoma. |
| Papillary Thyroid carcinoma by definition is an ____________ origin tumor. | Epithelial |
| What gene is associated with chronic myeloproliferative disorders? | JAK-2 |
| Breast and gastric lymphomas have: | HER2/neu gene, (receptor tyrosine kinase) |
| c-KIT? | Oncogene, labeled as CYTOKINE receptor; Associated with Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) |
| GIST | c-KIT oncogene (cytokine receptor) |
| MYCL1 is associated with? | A transcription factor associated with Lung cancer |
| GTPase gene product | KRAS gene; associated with Colon, lung and pancreatic cancer. |
| TGF-alpha: | Oncogene associated with Astrocytoma and HCC |
| Uncontrolled cellular growth and division due to cell been "turn-on" permanently, is the mode of action seen in? | Oncogenes |
| If a mutation causes the "turning off" of a process, which results in uncontrolled cell division, such process is seen in? | Tumor suppressor genes |
| In analogy, the oncogenes are compared to the car's ______________ pedal, and the tumor suppressor genes are the car's ____________ pedal. | Oncogene --- accelerator pedal Tumor suppressor genes -----brake pedal |
| Gene, under normal conditions, that slow down the progression of the cell cycle, allowing for proper proliferation-apoptosis homeostasis. | Tumor suppressor genes |
| Loss of function --> Increased cancer risk | Tumor suppressor genes |
| Negative regulator of B-catenin/ WNT pathway | APC gene; Associated with Colorectal cancer (FAP associated) |
| APC is a ______________________ gene, that is associated with __________________ cancer, which is then associated with _______. | Tumor suppressor; Colorectal cancer; FAP |
| DNA repair protein | BRCA1/BRCA2 |
| Which DNA repair protein is associated with Breast, ovatian, and Pancreatic cancer? | BRCA1/BRCA2 |
| Colon cancer is developed by mutation to _________ gene | DCC |
| DCC --->______________________________ DPC----->_____________________________ | Deleted in Colon Cancer Deleted n Pancreatic Cancer |
| PTEN tumor suppressor gene? | Negatively regulates PI3k/AKT pathway, and its mutation results in development to Breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer. |
| Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma are due to mutation of? | Rb tumor suppressor gene |
| Role or product of Rb gene? | Inhibit E2F; Blocks G1--> S phase |
| TSC1 and TSC2 encode for product _________________ protein and _________________ protein, respectively. Associated with Autosomal dominant disorder, __________________ _____________. | Hamartin protein; Tuberin protein; Tuberous sclerosis |
| The gene that is responsible for development of Wilms tumor is a _______________ gene, which is considered a ______________________. | WT1 gene; Transcription factor that regulates urogenital development |
| APC, DCC, BRCA1/2, NF1/2, PTEN, Rb, TP53, VHL are all ___________________________. | TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES |
| EBV (microbe) is associated with which cancer? | 1. Burkitt Lymphoma 2. Hodgkin Lymphoma 3. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 4. Primary CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with which microbes? | HBV and HCV |
| H. pylori is associated with: | Gastric adenocarcinomas and MALT lymphoma |
| Common name for Clonorchis sinensis? Associated cancer? | Liver fluke is associated with Cholangiocarcinoma |
| S. haematobium | Bladder cancer (squamous cell) |
| Adult T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma is associated with what virus? | HTLV-1 |
| Cervical and penile/anal carcinoma is highly associated with: | HPV infection |
| Which types of HPV are associated with Cervical carcinoma development? | 16 & 18 |
| P-glycoprotein is related or associated to what concept? | Decreased responsiveness overtime to chemotherapy, as it pumps out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents. |
| PSA | Prostate cancer |
| CEA | Major associations: Colorectal and Pancreatic cancers Minor associations: gastric, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinomas |
| Marker for Pancreatic adenocarcinoma? | CA 19-9 |
| CA 125 is? | Marker for OVARIAN cancer |
| AFP is seen elevated in which tumors? | HCC, Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor, Mixed germ cell tumor, Ataxia-telangiectasia, Neural tube defects |
| What is a common marker for Hydatidiform moles and Choriocarcinomas, testicular cancer, and mixed germ cell tumor? | B-hCG |
| Metastases to bone or liver, Paget disease of bone, and seminoma (placental _________). Conditions seen with elevated? | Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) |
| Marker LDH indicates what cancers? | Testicular germ cell tumors, ovarian dysgerminoma |
| What marker can be used as indicator of tumor burden? | LDH |
| Positive for S-100? | Melanoma, Schwannoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis. |
| What is the target of S-100 staining? | Neural crest cells |
| Which CNS tumors are + for GFAP? | Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma, as it stains for Neuroglia |
| What are common cells defined under Neuroglia? | Astrocytes, Schwann cells, and Oligodendrocytes |
| What is the MC type of cancer INCIDENCE in men? women? Children? | MEN -- Prostate WOMEN --> breast CHILDREN --> Leukemia |
| Cancer mortality MC in men, women, and children? | Men and Women ----- Lung Children --- Leukemia |
| Colon/rectum cancer presents as ____________ in place in women and men cancer ___________________ and _____________________. | THIRD (3RD); Incidence and Mortality |
| Skin cancer occurence: | BASAL >> Squamous >> melanoma |
| What happens in mutations to Proto-oncogenes? | Increase in growth factors leading to autocrine loop |
| An increase in PDGF in a brain tumor is an example of which cancer hallmark? | Growth signal self-sufficiency, mutation in an protooncogene |
| What is the result of mutations in growth factor receptos? | Constitutive signaling |
| What is an example of a cancer with a mutated growth factor receptor? | HER2/neu in breast cancer |
| What are the two mechanisms of Anti-growth signal insensitivity? | 1. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes 2. Loss of E-cadherin function leading to loss of contact inhibition |
| What is an important example of an mutation leading to loss of E-cadherin function? | NF2 mutations |
| What is the mechanism of action of limitless replicative potential in cancer cells? | Reactivation of telomerase, which leads to maintenance and lengthening of telomeres, preventing chromosome shortening and cell aging |
| What is an important pro-angiogenic factor? | VEGF |
Created by:
rakomi
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