chapter 12
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| Agranulocytes | White blood cells that lack granules in the cytoplasm:
a: without
granul/o: granules
cyte: cells
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| antibodies | destroys substances
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| antibody-mediated immunity | immunity resulting from B-cell
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| antigens | substances that triggers immune response
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| atria (singular atrium) | Thin walled chambers of the heart that receives blood from the veins.
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| atrioventricular valves | valves between the atria and ventricles of the heart; tricuspid on the right side, mitral on the left side.
atri/o: atrium
ventricul/o: ventricle
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| cardiac cycle | a complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles
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| cell-mediated immunity | immunity T cells action
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| coagulation | the process of blood clotting:
coagul /o: clotting
tion: process
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| conduction myofibers | part of conduction system Purkinje fibrous
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| diapedesis | Leukocytes squeeze between cells in vessel walls
Dia: through
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| Diastole | relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle; opposite of systole
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| endocardium | the thin, smooth inner lining of each chamber of the heart, that permits blood to move easily.
endo: around, outside
card/i: heart
um: tissue
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells.
erythr/o: red
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| erythropiesis | the process of erythrocyte formation.
poieses: formation
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| erythropoietin | a hormone released by the kidneys that stimulate red blood cell production.
poietin: substances that form
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| granulocytes | granules in the cytoplasm of a cell:
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| hematopoiesis | erythrocyte production in the red bone marrow
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| hemocytoblast | a stem cell in the bone marrow
hem/o : blood
blast: to form
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| hemoglobin | the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that is responsible for the transport in oxygen.
globin: protein
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| hemostasis | The control or stoppage of bleeding
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| immunoglobulins | destroys substances ; antibodies
immun: immunity or protection
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| leukocytes | white blood cells
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| macrophage | large phagocytic tissue cell
phage: to eat
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| megakaryocyte | a large cell that contributes to the formation of platelets.
mega: large
kary/o: nucleus
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| myocardium | middle layer of the heart wall; cardiac muscle, provides the force to eject blood from the heart to the vessels.
my/o: muscle
um: tissue
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| non specific defense mechanism | body's ability to counter act many types of harmful agents
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| pericardial cavity | small space around the heart,
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| pericardium | membrane that surrounds the heart; usually refers to the pericardial sac.
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| pulmonary circulation | the pathway that takes blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and then returns it to the left side of the heart.
pulmon- lung
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| renal erythropoietic factor | a substance produced by the kidneys that activates erythropoietin to stimulate the production of red blood cells.
ren/o: kidney
poie: formation of blood cells
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| resistance | body's ability to counteract the effects of pathogens and other harmful agents.
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| right lymphatic duct | the collecting duct of the lymphatic system that collects lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body
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| semilunar valves | valves between the ventricles of the heart and the vessels that carry blood away from the ventricles; also pertains to the valves in the veins.
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| specific defense mechanism | activities of the body that counteract only certain types of harmful agents.
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| susceptibility | lack of resistance to disease
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| systemic circulation | pathways that transport blood from the left side of the heart to all parts of the body and return the blood to the right atrium; excludes pulmonary circulation.
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| systole | contraction phase of the cardiac cycle; opposite of diastole
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| thoracic duct | the primary collecting duct of the lymphatic system that collects lymph from all regions of the body except the upper right quadrant
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| thrombocytes | a class formed elements of the blood; function in blood clotting; also called platelets. Blood clotting cells.
thrombo/o: clot
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| ventricle | pumping chambers of the heart;
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| epicardium | outer layer of the heart, blood vessels that nourish the heart.
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| Albumins | produced in the liver,
protein in urine,
assists in fluid balance
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| globulins | antibodies that function in immunity
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| eosinophils | segmented nucleus,
2 lobes,
large granules,
bright reddish orange, surrounds histamine, and increase their amount during an allergic reaction.
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| basophils | very few, large, S-shaped nucleus, coarse granules, black and blue colored. secretes histamine that dilates blood vessels, and heparin anticoagulant.
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| lymphocyte | large, round, purpleish-blue cytoplasm. contains few to none granules. functions in the immune system and assists with the production of antibodies.
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| Thrombocytes | fragments of bigger cells that are not complete cells. plug and closes breaks and tears in the blood vessels.
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| lymphatic system 3 primary functions. | Returns extra fluid to blood.
Absorption of fats and vitamins.
defense against invading microorganisms and disease
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| formed elements | RBC
WBC
Thrombocytes
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| lymphatic organs | lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus
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| aging of the circulatory system | left ventricle shrinks. thickening of the endocardium and valves of the heart. valves become more rigid.
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| coronary | blood vessels that nourish the heart of the wall
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| left atrium | receives oxygenated blood from lungs
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| ventricle | right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs
left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation
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| systemic circulation | pathway of the blood that transports blood from the left side of the heart through out the body.
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| monocyte | largest, U-shaped nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, stained grayish-blue, becomes macrophage, last responder to clean up remaining bacteria.
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| heart | located between the two lungs
posterior to the sternum anterior to the vertebral column
rests on the diaphragm
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| circulatory system | heart, blood , blood vessels, lymph, lymphatic vessel, lymphatic organs
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| inter-ventricular septum | the thick, muscular partition between the right and left ventricle.
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| neutrophils | purple multi-lobed nucleus, first responders to tissue damage, engulfs bacteria, increases during acute infection
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| leukocytes | there are five types of WBC: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOHILS, BASOPHILS, MONOCYTE, LYMPHOCYTES. WBC are white and colorless before they get stained.
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| fibrinogen | clotting process
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| plasma proteins | albumin, globulin, fibrogen
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| AV bundle | "bundle of his" electrical fiber that triggers the myocardium to contract and relax. purkinje fibers.
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| Artery | carrys blood away from hearts and has 3 layers.
tunica intima - inner
tunica media - middle
tunica externa - outer layer
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| lymphatic vessels | carry fluid away from tissue, the flow of the lymph is slow and sluggish.
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| functions of blood | transportation, regulation, protection.
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| left ventricle | pumps blood to the whole body
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| left atrium | receives oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava.
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| lymph node | inguinal nodes- groin
axillary nodes- armpit
cervical node- in the neck
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| tonsils | pharyngeal (adenoids) - nasal cavity
Palatine - oral cavity
lingual - base of the tongue
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| size of the heart | 9cm wide
12cm long
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| Atherosclerosis | signs and symptoms:
chest pain, in heart, in brain, ischemic attacks, kidney dysfunction.
diagnosis:
P.E, medical history, blood test, doppler ultra sounds.
treatment:
healthy diet, blood thinners, stent bypass.
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| coronary artery disease (CAD) | signs and symptoms:
chest pain, dyspnea, arrhythmias, fatigue.
diagnosis:
P.E, medical history, stress test,
treatment:
asprin, bypass surgery, healthy lifestyle
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| cardiomypathy | signs and symptoms:
chest pain, dyspnea, peripheral edema
Diagnosis:
P.E, echocardium, blood test, ECG
treatment:
pacemaker, defibrillator, LVAD, ablation, heart transplant
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| IgG | 75%-85% , located in the plasma. function: inactivates antigen, neutralizes toxins, responsible for rh reaction.
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| IgA | 5%-15%, found in saliva, mucus, tears, breast milk. function: protects mucous membrane from body surfaces; provides immunity for newborn.
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| IgM | 5%-10%, attached to b cells, released into the plasma during immune response. function: causes antigens to clump together, responsible for transfusion reactions in ABO blood typing system
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| IgD | .2% attached to b cells.
binding with antigen results in b cell activation
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| IgE | .5% produced by plasma cells in mucous membranes and tonsils.
binds to basophils, causing release of histamine, responsible for allergic reactions.
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| active natural | contract disease and produce memory cell
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| active artificial | receive a vaccination and produce memory cell
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| passive natural | receive maternal antibodies through the placenta or breast milk
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| passive artificial | receive antiserum with antibodies from another host
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