the muscular system
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| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility
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| the capability of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability
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| the ability to be stretched | extensibility
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| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity
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| help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature | muscles
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| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | perimysium
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| another connective tissue located outside the epimysium | fascia
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| surrounds and separates muscles | fascia
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| a muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | muscle fasciculi (fascicle)
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| muscle fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the | perimysium
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| the fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called | fibers
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| each fiber is a | single cylindrical cell containing several nuclei
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| each fiber is surrounded by a connective sheath called the | endomysium
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| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | myofibrils
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| a thread like structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils
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| what two kinds of protein fibers do myofibrils consist of | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
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| thin myofilaments | actin
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| thick myofilaments | myosin
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| actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | sarcomeres
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| sarcomeres are joined end to end to form the | myofibril
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| the ________ is the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | sarcomere
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| each sarcomere extends from | one z line to another z line
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| the arrangement of actin and myosin give a | banded appearance
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| the i band is ______ and contains _______ | light and actin
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| the a band extends the length of the | myosin
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| the a band is | darker
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| in the center of each sarcomere is a light area called | the H zone
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| the H zone consists of only | myosin
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| the myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called | the M line
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| the outside of most cell membranes is | positively charged
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| the inside of cell membranes is | negatively charged
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| the charge difference across the membrane is called the | resting membrane potential
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| the brief reversal back of the charge is called | action potential
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| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons
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| each branch that connects to the muscle forms a ______ near the center of the cell | neuromuscular junction or synapse
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| a single muscle neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called | a motor unit
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| __________ is formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane | a neuromuscular junction
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| the enlarged nerve terminal is the | presynaptic terminal
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| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the | synaptic cleft
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| the muscle fiber is the | postsynaptic terminal
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| each presynaptic terminal contains __________ that secrete a neurotransmitter | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine
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| muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes called | acetylcholinesterase
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| occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing sarcomere s to shorten | muscle contraction
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| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called | sliding filament mechanism
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| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch
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| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called _________ at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. | threshold
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| muscle fibers maximally contracted | all-or-none response
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| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the | lag phase
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| time of contraction | contraction phase
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| time during which muscles relax | relaxation phase
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| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany
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| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called | recruitment
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| __________ is needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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| ATP is 1) 2) | 1) produced in the mitochondria
2) short lived and unstable
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| it is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce | ATP
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| when at rest they cant stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule, called | creatine phosphate
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| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration
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| with oxygen | aerobic respiration
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| the ____________ is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. | oxygen debt
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| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue
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| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | isometric
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| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic
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| costant tension produced by the muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone
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| contract quickly and fatigue quickly and fatigue quickly | fast-twitch fibers
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| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | slow-twitch fibers
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| the points of attachment of each muscle are its | origin and insertion
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| the ________ is the most stationary end of the muscle | origin
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| the __________ is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion
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| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | belly
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| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called | synergists
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| muscles that work in opposition to one another are called | antagonists
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| among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the | prime mover
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| muscles are named according to their | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function
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| raises eyebrows | occipitofrontalis
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| closes the eyelids and causes " crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye | orbicularis oculi
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| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris
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| flattens the cheeks trumpeter's muscle | buccinator
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| kissing muscles | orbicularis and buccinator
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| smiling muscle | zygomatius
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| sneering | levator labii superioris
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| frowning | depressor anguli oris
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