Chapter 6
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| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential as a result of experience.
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| Orienting reflex | The tendency of a person or animal to orient its sense toward unexpected stimuli.
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| Habituation | The tendency of a person or animal to ignore repeated stimuli.
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| Dishabituation | To begin re-responding to a stimulus to which one had been hibituated.
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| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | A stimulus that naturally elicits a response in a person or animal.
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| Unconditioned response (UR) | The response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
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| Neutral stimulus (NS) | A stimulus that does not naturally elicit an unconditioned response in a person or animal.
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| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | A stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in a person or animal.
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| Conditioned response (CR) | The response elicited by a conditioned stimulus in a person or animal.
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| Classical conditioning | Learning that occurs when a NS is repeatedly paired with an US causing the NS to become a CS with same power as the US to elicit the response in a person or animal.
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| Contiguity | The degree to which two stimuli follow one another in time.
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| Contingency | The degree to which the presentation of one stimulus is contingent on the presentation of the other.
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| Stimulus generalization | Responding in a like fashion to a similar stimulus.
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| Counterconditioning | Using classical conditioning to remove an undesired conditioned response in a person or animal.
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| Stimulus discrimination | Responding only to particular stimuli.
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| Taste aversion | Classical conditioning that occurs when a person or animal pairs the experience of nausea with a certain food and becomes conditioned to feel ill at the sight, smell, or idea of the food.
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| Aversion therapy | A type of therapy that uses classical conditioning to condition people to avoid certain stimuli.
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| Extinction | The removal of a conditioned response.
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| Acquisition | The process of learning a conditioned response or behavior.
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| Spontaneous recovery | During extinction, the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear and strengthen over a brief period before reextinguishing.
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| Operant conditioning | A type of learning in which the person or animal learns through the consequences of its behavior.
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| Law of effect | A principle discovered by E.L. Thorndike that states that random behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and random behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened.
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| Reinforcement | The strengthening of a response that occurs when the response is rewarded.
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| Positive reinforcement | Strengthening a behavior by adding something pleasant to the environment of the person or animal.
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| Negative reinforcement | Strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the person or animal.
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| Punishment | The weakening of a response that occurs when a behavior leads to an unpleasant consequence.
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| Positive punishment | Weakening a behavior by adding something unpleasant to the person's or animal's environment.
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| Negative punishment | Weakening a behavior by removing something pleasant from the person's or animal's environment.
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| Operant behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment to cause some sort of consequence to occur.
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| Skinner box | A device created by B.F. Skinner to study operant behavior in a compressed time frame, in a Skinner box, an animal is automatically rewarded or punished for engaging in certain behaviors.
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| Extinction burst | A temporary increase in a behavioral response that occurs immediately after extinction has begun.
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| Shaping | Using operant conditioning to build a new behavior in a person or animal by rewarding successive approximations of the desired response.
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| Schedule of reinforcement | The frequency and timing of the reinforcements that a person or animal receives.
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| Continuous reinforcement | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for every instance of the desired response.
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| Partial reinforcement schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for only some instances of the desired response.
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| Fixed ratio schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for every xth instance of the desired response.
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| Variable ratio schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded on average for every xth instance of the desired response.
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| Fixed interval schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for the first desired response in an xth interval of time.
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| Variable interval schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for the first desired response in an average xth interval of time.
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| Primary reinforcer | A reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself.
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| Secondary reinforcer | A reinforcer that is only reinforcing only because it leads to a primary reinforcer.
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| Token economy | A system of operant conditioning in which participants are reinforced with tokens that can later be cashed in for primary reinforcers.
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| Insight | A new way of looking at a problem that leads to a sudden understanding of how to solve it.
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| Latent learning | Learning that cannot be directly observed in a person's or animal's behavior.
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| Cognitive map | A mental representation of the environment.
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| Observational learning | Learning through observation and imitation of other's behavior.
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