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Psychology 6
Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential as a result of experience. |
| Orienting reflex | The tendency of a person or animal to orient its sense toward unexpected stimuli. |
| Habituation | The tendency of a person or animal to ignore repeated stimuli. |
| Dishabituation | To begin re-responding to a stimulus to which one had been hibituated. |
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | A stimulus that naturally elicits a response in a person or animal. |
| Unconditioned response (UR) | The response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Neutral stimulus (NS) | A stimulus that does not naturally elicit an unconditioned response in a person or animal. |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | A stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in a person or animal. |
| Conditioned response (CR) | The response elicited by a conditioned stimulus in a person or animal. |
| Classical conditioning | Learning that occurs when a NS is repeatedly paired with an US causing the NS to become a CS with same power as the US to elicit the response in a person or animal. |
| Contiguity | The degree to which two stimuli follow one another in time. |
| Contingency | The degree to which the presentation of one stimulus is contingent on the presentation of the other. |
| Stimulus generalization | Responding in a like fashion to a similar stimulus. |
| Counterconditioning | Using classical conditioning to remove an undesired conditioned response in a person or animal. |
| Stimulus discrimination | Responding only to particular stimuli. |
| Taste aversion | Classical conditioning that occurs when a person or animal pairs the experience of nausea with a certain food and becomes conditioned to feel ill at the sight, smell, or idea of the food. |
| Aversion therapy | A type of therapy that uses classical conditioning to condition people to avoid certain stimuli. |
| Extinction | The removal of a conditioned response. |
| Acquisition | The process of learning a conditioned response or behavior. |
| Spontaneous recovery | During extinction, the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear and strengthen over a brief period before reextinguishing. |
| Operant conditioning | A type of learning in which the person or animal learns through the consequences of its behavior. |
| Law of effect | A principle discovered by E.L. Thorndike that states that random behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and random behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened. |
| Reinforcement | The strengthening of a response that occurs when the response is rewarded. |
| Positive reinforcement | Strengthening a behavior by adding something pleasant to the environment of the person or animal. |
| Negative reinforcement | Strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the person or animal. |
| Punishment | The weakening of a response that occurs when a behavior leads to an unpleasant consequence. |
| Positive punishment | Weakening a behavior by adding something unpleasant to the person's or animal's environment. |
| Negative punishment | Weakening a behavior by removing something pleasant from the person's or animal's environment. |
| Operant behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment to cause some sort of consequence to occur. |
| Skinner box | A device created by B.F. Skinner to study operant behavior in a compressed time frame, in a Skinner box, an animal is automatically rewarded or punished for engaging in certain behaviors. |
| Extinction burst | A temporary increase in a behavioral response that occurs immediately after extinction has begun. |
| Shaping | Using operant conditioning to build a new behavior in a person or animal by rewarding successive approximations of the desired response. |
| Schedule of reinforcement | The frequency and timing of the reinforcements that a person or animal receives. |
| Continuous reinforcement | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for every instance of the desired response. |
| Partial reinforcement schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for only some instances of the desired response. |
| Fixed ratio schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for every xth instance of the desired response. |
| Variable ratio schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded on average for every xth instance of the desired response. |
| Fixed interval schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for the first desired response in an xth interval of time. |
| Variable interval schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which the person or animal is rewarded for the first desired response in an average xth interval of time. |
| Primary reinforcer | A reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself. |
| Secondary reinforcer | A reinforcer that is only reinforcing only because it leads to a primary reinforcer. |
| Token economy | A system of operant conditioning in which participants are reinforced with tokens that can later be cashed in for primary reinforcers. |
| Insight | A new way of looking at a problem that leads to a sudden understanding of how to solve it. |
| Latent learning | Learning that cannot be directly observed in a person's or animal's behavior. |
| Cognitive map | A mental representation of the environment. |
| Observational learning | Learning through observation and imitation of other's behavior. |
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cpruett8
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