Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Earth Science - Weathering and Soil Formation
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| weathering | breaking down of rock and other substances at Earth's surface
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| erosion | Movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
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| mechanical weathering | The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces:
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| permeable | characteristic of materials such as sand and gravel that allow water to pass easily through them
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| bedrock | the solid layers of rock beneath the soil
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| humus | dark colored organic material in the soil
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| soil horizon | a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it
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| topsoil | a mixture of humus, clay and other minerals that form the crumbly, top most layer of soil
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| subsoil | The layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay and other minerals
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| decomposers | An organism that breaks down waste and other organisms.
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| development | The construction of buildings,roads, dams and areas that previously were fertile
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| desertification | The advance of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile.
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| sod | A thick of mass of grass roots and soil.
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| Dust Bowl | The area of Great Plains where wind erosion caused soil loss during the 1930's.
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| soil conservation | The management of soil to prevent its' destruction
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| conservation plowing | Soil conservation method in which the dead stalks are left in the ground to hold the soil in place.
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| fallow | left unplanted with crops
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| crop rotation | the planting of different crops in a field each year
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| land reclamation | The process of restoring land to a more natural, productive state.
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| Two types of weathering | chemical and mechanical
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| List the forces of mechanical weathering: | freezing and thawing; release of pressure; growth of plants; actions of animals; abrasion
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| abrasion | the grinding of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice, wind, or gravity
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| ice wedging | a process by which water seeps into cracks, there is freeze and thaw, ice widens the cracks and pieces break off
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| chemical weather | the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
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| The agents of chemical weathering | water; oxygen; carbon dioxide; living organisms; acid rain
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| Chemical weathering produces rock particles with the same mineral makeup as the rock they came from. T or F? | false
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| Two kinds of rock which are easily weathered by carbonic acid. | marble; limestone
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| How do plants disolve rock? | roots push into cracks in the rock; as they grow they produce weak acids that slowly dissolve the rock.
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| Chemical weathering accelerates in heat. T or F? | True
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| Two factors that determine the type of rock particles and minerals in a soil? | the content of the bedrock which was weathered; the type of weathering
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| Three types of weathered rock particles found in soil: | sand; silt; clay
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| list four types of soil paricles from largest to smallest | gravel, sand, silt, clay
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| weathered rock | soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt
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| soil formation is faster in areas that are dry. T or F? | false
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| Soil formation is faster with limestone that grantie? T or F? | true
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| they mix, make spaces for air and water and some make humus (making soil ferite). | soil organisms
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| Animals contribute most of the organic remains that form humus. T or F? | false
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| formed as plants shed leaves, forming a loose layer | litter
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| The main soil decomposers | fungi; protists; bacteria; worms
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| Earthworms do most of the work of mixing humus with other materials in soil? T or F? | true
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| The improve soil by breaking up hard, compact soils and mix humus; they add nitrogen to the soil and organic material when they die. | burrowing mammals
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| The method by which scientists classify the different types of coil into groups | (blank)
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| leaves previous crop in the ground to hold soil in place | conservation plowing
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| varies crops in order to use fewer nutrients or to restore nutrients to soil | crop rotation
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| helps slow runoff of excess rainfall and prevents it from washing away | contour plowing
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| blocks the wind and traps eroding soil | planting windbreaks
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| municipal solid waste | All waste materials produced in homes, businesses and other places within a community
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| three ways to handle SOLID waste | bury; burn; recycle
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| polluted liquid from a landfill | (blank)
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| Well-designed sanitary landfills cannot pollute groundwater. T or F? | false
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| the burning of solid waste | incineration
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| process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them | recycling
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| four major categories of products involved in most recycling | metal; glass; paper and plastic
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| Recycling glass is difficult and expensive. T or F? | False
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| three actions individuals can take to help control the solid waste problem | reduce; reuse; recycle
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