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Stack #29314
Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Earth Science - Weathering and Soil Formation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| weathering | breaking down of rock and other substances at Earth's surface |
| erosion | Movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity. |
| mechanical weathering | The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces: |
| permeable | characteristic of materials such as sand and gravel that allow water to pass easily through them |
| bedrock | the solid layers of rock beneath the soil |
| humus | dark colored organic material in the soil |
| soil horizon | a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it |
| topsoil | a mixture of humus, clay and other minerals that form the crumbly, top most layer of soil |
| subsoil | The layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay and other minerals |
| decomposers | An organism that breaks down waste and other organisms. |
| development | The construction of buildings,roads, dams and areas that previously were fertile |
| desertification | The advance of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile. |
| sod | A thick of mass of grass roots and soil. |
| Dust Bowl | The area of Great Plains where wind erosion caused soil loss during the 1930's. |
| soil conservation | The management of soil to prevent its' destruction |
| conservation plowing | Soil conservation method in which the dead stalks are left in the ground to hold the soil in place. |
| fallow | left unplanted with crops |
| crop rotation | the planting of different crops in a field each year |
| land reclamation | The process of restoring land to a more natural, productive state. |
| Two types of weathering | chemical and mechanical |
| List the forces of mechanical weathering: | freezing and thawing; release of pressure; growth of plants; actions of animals; abrasion |
| abrasion | the grinding of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice, wind, or gravity |
| ice wedging | a process by which water seeps into cracks, there is freeze and thaw, ice widens the cracks and pieces break off |
| chemical weather | the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes |
| The agents of chemical weathering | water; oxygen; carbon dioxide; living organisms; acid rain |
| Chemical weathering produces rock particles with the same mineral makeup as the rock they came from. T or F? | false |
| Two kinds of rock which are easily weathered by carbonic acid. | marble; limestone |
| How do plants disolve rock? | roots push into cracks in the rock; as they grow they produce weak acids that slowly dissolve the rock. |
| Chemical weathering accelerates in heat. T or F? | True |
| Two factors that determine the type of rock particles and minerals in a soil? | the content of the bedrock which was weathered; the type of weathering |
| Three types of weathered rock particles found in soil: | sand; silt; clay |
| list four types of soil paricles from largest to smallest | gravel, sand, silt, clay |
| weathered rock | soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt |
| soil formation is faster in areas that are dry. T or F? | false |
| Soil formation is faster with limestone that grantie? T or F? | true |
| they mix, make spaces for air and water and some make humus (making soil ferite). | soil organisms |
| Animals contribute most of the organic remains that form humus. T or F? | false |
| formed as plants shed leaves, forming a loose layer | litter |
| The main soil decomposers | fungi; protists; bacteria; worms |
| Earthworms do most of the work of mixing humus with other materials in soil? T or F? | true |
| The improve soil by breaking up hard, compact soils and mix humus; they add nitrogen to the soil and organic material when they die. | burrowing mammals |
| The method by which scientists classify the different types of coil into groups | (blank) |
| leaves previous crop in the ground to hold soil in place | conservation plowing |
| varies crops in order to use fewer nutrients or to restore nutrients to soil | crop rotation |
| helps slow runoff of excess rainfall and prevents it from washing away | contour plowing |
| blocks the wind and traps eroding soil | planting windbreaks |
| municipal solid waste | All waste materials produced in homes, businesses and other places within a community |
| three ways to handle SOLID waste | bury; burn; recycle |
| polluted liquid from a landfill | (blank) |
| Well-designed sanitary landfills cannot pollute groundwater. T or F? | false |
| the burning of solid waste | incineration |
| process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them | recycling |
| four major categories of products involved in most recycling | metal; glass; paper and plastic |
| Recycling glass is difficult and expensive. T or F? | False |
| three actions individuals can take to help control the solid waste problem | reduce; reuse; recycle |
Created by:
elena93
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