A review of concepts and vocabulary for Semester 1 of NGS1.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| A small box with a slit in it. By looking into it you can see the spectrum of a light source that is separated by diffraction. | spectroscope
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| The frequencies of light emitted by a light source. These can indicate the type of elements in the source. | spectrum
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| Light with a range of different frequencies. These span from radio waves to gamma rays. | the electromagnetic spectrum
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| The height of a wave from the middle line to the crest OR from the middle line to the trough. | amplitude
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| The distance from one crest to the next crest OR from one trough to the next trough. | wavelength
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| The number of waves that pass per second. | frequency
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| The wave phenomena which has a wave bounce off a surface. | reflection
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| The wave phenomena whereby waves change speed as they pass from one medium to a different medium. This changes the angle of the waves slightly. | refraction
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| The wave phenomena whereby waves spread out and form interference patterns when they pass through a slit. | diffraction
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| Different frequencies of light interact with matter differently. This causes some light to move in different directions. | scattering of light
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| When a wave source is moving toward an observer, the wave appears to have a higher frequency. | The Doppler effect
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| When a wave source is moving away from an observer, the wave appears to have a lower frequency. | The Doppler effect
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| A graph showing different stars. The vertical axis is the luminosity (brightness) of the star. The horizontal axis is the temperature of the star. | H-R diagram
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| About 13.8 billion years ago the universe started expanding and cooling which led to some energy converting into matter. | the big bang
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| The spectrum of galaxies moving away from us is shifted towards lower frequencies due to the Doppler effect. | red shift
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| Electromagnetic radiation emanating from all directions in the universe which originated from right after the big bang. | cosmic microwave background radiation
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| A star that is fusing hydrogen into helium. Our sun is an example. | main sequence star
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| A vast cloud of gases, dust, and ice in space. | nebula
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| The remains of a high mass star that has underwent a supernova. The gravitation pull is so great that even light cannot escape it. | black hole
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| The remains of a high mass star that has underwent a supernova. The gravitation pull is so great that protons and electrons all combine into neutrons. | neutron star
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| An explosion that occurs at the end of a high mass star's life cycle. The explosion ejects most of the star's mass and has a dramatic increase in emitted light. | supernova
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| The energy source of stars. Energy is released as atomic nuclei merge together to form heavier elements. | nuclear fusion
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| A substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler substance. The type of atom that is found on the periodic table. | element
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| The smallest piece of matter that still retains the properties of its element. | atom
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| The number of protons that an element has. This is usually found at the top of an element's box on the periodic table. | atomic number
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| The weighted average of the number of protons and neutrons of an element. This is usually found at the bottom of an element's box on the periodic table. | average atomic mass
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| The elements on the upper right side of the periodic table - plus hydrogen. | nonmetals
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| The elements on the left side and middle of the periodic table. | metals
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| The elements on the stair step on the right side of the periodic table. | metalloids (aka semi-metals)
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| A particle that is inside an atom and is part of it. These include protons, neutrons, and electrons. | subatomic particle
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| A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. | proton
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| A particle in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge. | neutron
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| A negatively charged particle that moves very quickly around the nucleus of an atom in clouds or orbitals. | electron
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| How strongly an atom holds onto its electrons. It increases as you move up and to the right on the periodic table. | electronegativity
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| The outermost electrons of an atom. The number at the top of the column (ex. Carbon 4A = 4 v.e.) These electrons can be shared or exchanged. | valence electrons
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| A push or a pull. | force
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| How fast something gets faster or how fast it slows down or how fast something changes direction. Also the change in velocity divided by time. Δv / Δt | acceleration
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| The amount of stuff is there in something. It can be measured using a triple beam balance. | mass
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| The sum of multiple forces. Forces in opposite directions will at least partially cancel each other out. | net force
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| A measure of how difficult it is to speed something up or get it to stop. | inertia
(or Newton's 1st Law)
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| The acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by its mass. a = Fnet / m | Newton's 2nd Law
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| For every action force there is an equal but opposite reaction force. | Newton's 3rd Law
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| The force of gravity is directly proportional to each of the masses involved and indirectly proportional to the distance squared between them. | Newton's law of Universal gravity
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| The process of growth by gathering material. | accretion
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| A very small object formed from a nebula. The objects has just begun accretion using its weak gravitational pull. | planetesimal
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| A small object formed from a nebula. The object has not yet reached its full (planet) size through accretion. | protoplanet
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| The shape of stable orbits according to Kepler's laws of planetary motion. | ellipse
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| The amount of time it takes for a planet to orbit around its star. | orbital period
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| The furthest point in a planet's orbit from its star. | aphelion
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| The closest point in a planet's orbit from its star. | perihelion
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| The orbital paths of planets have the shape of an ellipse with their star at one of the foci. | Kepler's 1st law
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| For a planet that is orbiting its star, the planet will sweep out equal areas per unit of time whether it is near or far from the star. | Kepler's 2nd law
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| The use of the order of rock layers to determine how old a fossil or rock is. Lower layers are older. Higher layers are younger. | relative dating
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| The use of carbon-14 dating to determine when living things died. Also the use of uranium-238 dating to determine when igneous rocks formed. | radioactive dating
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| The type of bacteria that uses oxygen and need it to survive. | aerobic bacteria
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| The type of bacteria that does not use oxygen and does not need it to survive. | anaerobic bacteria
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| The process whereby a plant (or certain bacteria) will take in water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight and produce glucose (a sugar) and oxygen gas. | photosynthesis
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| About 2.45 billion years ago, early photosynthetic bacteria on Earth produced enough oxygen that it poisons some organisms while other organisms adapted and thrived. | Great Oxygenation Event
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| When two separate organisms exchange genetic material to produce offspring with some genetic variation. | sexual reproduction
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| When an organism produces its offspring by itself with no genetic variation. | asexual reproduction
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| Organisms which have many cells that are specialized and work together to assist the organism as a whole. | multi-cellular life
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| When an organism allows another organism to live inside itself because they both benefit. This happened both with mitochondria and chloroplast. | endosymbiosis
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| A substance with a definite formula (ex. H₂O) made up of more than type of element. | compound
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| A compound in which atoms have lost or gained valence electrons to form positive or negative ions. | ionic compound
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| A compound in which atoms share valence electrons in a kind of constant tug of war. | covalent compound
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| The substances that we start with in a chemical reaction (aka the ingredients). | reactants
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| The substances that are produced by a chemical reaction. | products
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| For a chemical reaction the reactants should have the same mass as the products. The mass should not change. | conservation of mass
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| For a chemical reaction the reactants should be made up of the same type and number of atoms as the products. | conservation of atoms
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| What you are going to do to get ready for the final exam. | study
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
john.boren
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