Diving emergencies
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| gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure, given that temperature is constant | Boyle's law
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| 10m of depth underwater is approximately | 1 Atmospehere + 1ata for above water pressure
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| 1 ATA/33 ft | saltwater
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| 1 ATA/34 ft | freshwater
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| total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of of partial pressure gas | Dalton's Law
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| the quantity of gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas in contact with liquid | henry's Law
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| volume of air in ear decreases causing tympanic membrane to bend forward, causing pain and inury | barotitis
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| force air through eustachian tube via valsalva to equalise pressure in idle ear | how to prevent barotitis
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| pain and mucosal oedema , may cause submucosal haemorrhage and stripping of sinus mucosa from bone | sinus barotrauma
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| when air is not added to mask during descent, causing eyes to become sucked into mask | face squeeze
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| air spaces inside tooth compressed during ascent | tooth squeeze
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| suit folds are compressed into underlying skin, producing local trauma | dry-suit squeeze
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| ascension with closed glottis (vomitus, coughs, breath holding) may cause | parenchymal injury
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| mediastinal air tracking superiorly into the neck, causing subcutaneous air | pneumomediastinum
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| pulmonary over inflation may cause | pneumothorax
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| formation of nitrogen bubbles in blood stream, | decompression sickness
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| pain only, involves joints, extremities and skin, lymphatic obstruction can occur | type 1 DCS
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| involves CNS, vestibular symptoms (staggers), cardiopulmonary symptoms (chokes), | type 2 DCS
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| cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea, substernal chest pain &/or cardiovascular collapse | pulmonary symptoms of DCS
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| deep pain, unrelieved with movement, thought to be due to distention in ligaments or fascia | DCS pain
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| sensation of truncal constriction or girdle like pain | neuro symptoms of DCS
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| vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, equilibrium | vestibular symptoms
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| exceeding time/depth limits, rapid ascent, repetetive dives, obesity, illness, exertion, | increases risk of DCCS
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| pruritis, rash, cutis marmorata, localised cyanosis, pitting oedema, pain often in large joints, | symptoms of DCS
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| seizures, paralysis, visual/audio disturbances, headache, numbness, tingling, nausea/vomiting, extreme fatigue, altered LoC | more serious symptoms of DCS
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| give entonox, fly or drive over 300m alt, ignore DCI because patient at airport, position head down | DO NOT do this if suspected DCS
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| assess ABCs, reassure, high flow O2 via non-rebreather, supine/lateral if unconscious, ILS/ALS intervention, IV access, fluid therapy, pain relief, aiway managment | DO this if suspected DCS
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| delivers 96-100% O2 at 2x atmospheric pressure, | hyperbaric O2 therapy
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| if giving oxygen therapy | do not discontinue if improvement seen
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| occurs when breathing at depth of 30m+, also known as 'rapture of the deep' | nitrogen narcosis
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| loss of fine motor skills & high order mental processes similar to that of alcohol | symptoms of nitrogen narcosis
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| 10m depth = | 1 martini
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| can occur while diving causing signs of pulmonary oedema, not caused by decompression and not treated with recompression therapy | immersion pulmonary oedema
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