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PARASCI_LE12
Diving emergencies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure, given that temperature is constant | Boyle's law |
| 10m of depth underwater is approximately | 1 Atmospehere + 1ata for above water pressure |
| 1 ATA/33 ft | saltwater |
| 1 ATA/34 ft | freshwater |
| total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of of partial pressure gas | Dalton's Law |
| the quantity of gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas in contact with liquid | henry's Law |
| volume of air in ear decreases causing tympanic membrane to bend forward, causing pain and inury | barotitis |
| force air through eustachian tube via valsalva to equalise pressure in idle ear | how to prevent barotitis |
| pain and mucosal oedema , may cause submucosal haemorrhage and stripping of sinus mucosa from bone | sinus barotrauma |
| when air is not added to mask during descent, causing eyes to become sucked into mask | face squeeze |
| air spaces inside tooth compressed during ascent | tooth squeeze |
| suit folds are compressed into underlying skin, producing local trauma | dry-suit squeeze |
| ascension with closed glottis (vomitus, coughs, breath holding) may cause | parenchymal injury |
| mediastinal air tracking superiorly into the neck, causing subcutaneous air | pneumomediastinum |
| pulmonary over inflation may cause | pneumothorax |
| formation of nitrogen bubbles in blood stream, | decompression sickness |
| pain only, involves joints, extremities and skin, lymphatic obstruction can occur | type 1 DCS |
| involves CNS, vestibular symptoms (staggers), cardiopulmonary symptoms (chokes), | type 2 DCS |
| cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea, substernal chest pain &/or cardiovascular collapse | pulmonary symptoms of DCS |
| deep pain, unrelieved with movement, thought to be due to distention in ligaments or fascia | DCS pain |
| sensation of truncal constriction or girdle like pain | neuro symptoms of DCS |
| vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, equilibrium | vestibular symptoms |
| exceeding time/depth limits, rapid ascent, repetetive dives, obesity, illness, exertion, | increases risk of DCCS |
| pruritis, rash, cutis marmorata, localised cyanosis, pitting oedema, pain often in large joints, | symptoms of DCS |
| seizures, paralysis, visual/audio disturbances, headache, numbness, tingling, nausea/vomiting, extreme fatigue, altered LoC | more serious symptoms of DCS |
| give entonox, fly or drive over 300m alt, ignore DCI because patient at airport, position head down | DO NOT do this if suspected DCS |
| assess ABCs, reassure, high flow O2 via non-rebreather, supine/lateral if unconscious, ILS/ALS intervention, IV access, fluid therapy, pain relief, aiway managment | DO this if suspected DCS |
| delivers 96-100% O2 at 2x atmospheric pressure, | hyperbaric O2 therapy |
| if giving oxygen therapy | do not discontinue if improvement seen |
| occurs when breathing at depth of 30m+, also known as 'rapture of the deep' | nitrogen narcosis |
| loss of fine motor skills & high order mental processes similar to that of alcohol | symptoms of nitrogen narcosis |
| 10m depth = | 1 martini |
| can occur while diving causing signs of pulmonary oedema, not caused by decompression and not treated with recompression therapy | immersion pulmonary oedema |
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