Biology I Chapter 2
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| What is every physical thing-living or not- made up of? | atoms
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| smallest basic unit of life | atoms
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| what kind of charge do protons have? neutrons? electrons | protons-positive
neutrons-no charge
electrons-negative
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| substance made up of one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means | element
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| how do you identify an element | by number of protons in nucleus->atomic number
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| where are elements organized | periodic table
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| when is a atom most stable | when its outer energy levels are filled with electrons
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| how do atoms become more stable | by bonding with other atoms
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| *atoms rarely exists alone |
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| what are atoms that have gained or lost an electron | ionic bonds
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| if an atom gained an electron what kind of charge does it have | negative
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| if an atom lost an electron what kind of charge does it have | positive
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| **Positive and negative ions are attracted |
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| *Ionic bonds are very strong chemical bonds |
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| atoms that have become more stable by sharing one or more pair of electrons with other atoms | covalent bonds
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| are covalent bonds weaker or stronger than ionic bonds | weaker but they are still strong
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| two or more atoms held together by a covalent bonds | molecule
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| what are many substances in living things made up of | molecules
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| substances composed of atoms of two or more different elements held together in specific ratios | compounds
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| what does water's unique properties allow | they allow life to exist on Earth
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| **WATER IS A POLAR COVALENT MOLECULE |
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| polar | has charged regions
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| nonpolar | has no charged regions
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| forms between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms | hydrogen bonds
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| what does life depend on | hydrogen bonds
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| what is cohesion | attraction to stick to same substances of different charges
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| what is adhesion | ability of water to attract molecules of different substances
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| what makes a drop of water | cohesion and surface tension
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| what are the 4 properties of water | water molecules are very polar; water has a high specific heat; ice is less dense than water; capillary action
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| what is capillary action | what water moves up thin tubes because of adhesion
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| what is 4 reasons why water is important for life | water is a terrific solvent; water has a strong surface tension; water has a relatively high boiling point; is there water on other plants
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| why is water a terrific solvent | many ions and polar molecules necessary for life can disolve in water
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| what does it mean that water has a high boiling point | it takes a lot of heat energy for water molecules to leave their liquid form held together by cohesion
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| formed when one substance dissolves in another | solution
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| dissolve other substances and present in greater amount | solvent
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| dissolve in a solvent | solute
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| do polar solvents dissolve polar or non-polar solutes | polar
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| do non-polar solvents dissolve polar or non-polar solutes | non-polar
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| what is the pH scale used to determine | the % of hydrogen ions in water
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| what has a high Hydrogen concentration and a pH less than 7 | Acids
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| what has a low Hydrogen concentration and a pH greater than 7 | bases
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| what substance is neutral and has a pH of 7 | water
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| what can pH be regulated by | buffers
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| compounds that can bind to Hydrogen when Hydrogen concentration increases and can release Hydrogen when the Hydrogen concentration decreases | buffer
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| what should the pH in humans stay around | 6.5-7.5
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| if humans have too low of a pH what could that result in | ulcer
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| change substances into different substances by breaking chemical bonds and forming new chemical bonds | chemical reaction
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| catalysts that speed up reactions in living things | enzymes
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| speeds up reactions | catalysts
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| -type of protein -breaks down materials -ends in "ase" -lowers activation rate | enzymes
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| amount of energy needed for chemical ractions | activation energy
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| ***Enzymes SPEED UP reactions and LOWER activation energy |
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| why do enzymes have a specific shape | so they fit a specific substrate
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| something that needs to be broken down | substrate
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| temperature and pH can affect the shape of the enzyme which can cause enzyme to not work | denaturization
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| why is carbon the element of life | it can bond to many different elements
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| 3 characteristics of carbon atoms | 1) carbon can bond with itself or other atoms
2) ring or long chain structure
3) often binds to hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon)
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| what is part of 4 main macromolecules | carbon
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| large molecules | macromolecules
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| what are the 4 main macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| what are the components of macromolecules | monomer- building block
polymer- chain of monomers
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| what are carbs made of | Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a ring
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| what is an example of carbs | glucose
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| what do carbs do | break down carbs to release usable energy
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| what is the monomer of carbs | monosaccharides
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| what is the polymer of carbs | disacchardies & polysaccharides
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| what are lipids made of | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a chain
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| what is an example of lipids | fats and oils
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| what do lipids do | store energy and absorbation of vitamins and minerals
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| a phospholipid has a hydrophillic head and a hydrophobic tail |
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| what are proteins made of | carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen
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| what is an example of proteins | enzymes
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| what is the monomer of proteins | amino acids
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| what is the function of proteins | perform cell functions
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| what is the primary structure of proteins | sequence of amino acids
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| what is the secondary structure of proteins | fold and helix
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| what is the teritary structure of proteins | fold ontop of each other
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| what is the quaternary structure of proteins | multiple teritray
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| what are nucleic acids made of | carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and a phosphate
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| what is an example of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA
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| what is the monomer of nucleic acids | nucleotides
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| what are nucleotides made of | phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base
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| the usable form of energy for cells | ATP (Adenosline Triphosphate)
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| when is ATP made | during cellular respiration in the mitochondria
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| when energy is released and the bond of the second and third phosphate what does it turn into | ADP
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| how do energy molecules and other particles go to where they need to go | through the cell membrane
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| regulates what goes in/out of cell | cell membrane
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| made of lipid bilayer; selectively permeable ; helps cells maintain homeostatis | cell membrane
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| what are the 2 types of cell transport | passive and active
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| movement of materials across cell membrane without using energy | passive transport
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| * in any solution, solute particles (oxygen/gases) move constantly |
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| what are the 2 types of passive transport | diffusion and facilitated diffusion
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| particles move from high concentration to low concentration | diffusion
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| *ultimate goal is equilibrium |
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| concentration is balanced on both sides | equilibrium
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| what happens once equilibrium is reached | particles continue to move across in both directions
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| passive transport that needs help | facilitated diffusion
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| why does water have a hard time passing through membrane | hydrophobic middle
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| how does water move | high to low
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| same strength | isotonic
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| above strength in comparison | hypertonic
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| below strength in comparison | hypotonic
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| WATER GOES TOWARD HIGHER CONCENTRATION |
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| in a hypertonic solution what will have to the cell | it will shrink
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| in a hypotonic solution what will happen to the cell | it will swell
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| what does the change in water concentration create | osmotic pressure
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| movement of water creating a force | osmotic pressure
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| movement of particles against a concentration gradient | active transport
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| 2 types of active transport | molecular & bulk
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| uses protein pumps to move calcium, potassium, and sodium *pumps will change shape | molecular transport
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| moving large particles across cell membrane | bulk transport
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| materials go into cell | endocytosis
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| material leave the cell | exocytosis
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| engulfs materials | phagocytosis
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| vesicles will pinch off material | pinocytosis
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