Chapter 3: The Macromolecules of the Cell USDFall2018 Dr. Karen Koster
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| What is a nucleic acid? | macromolyculethat is the polymer of nucleotides
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| What is the function of a nucleic acid? | Storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information
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| Are nucleic acids linear or branched? | linear
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| What are the two types of nucelic acids? | deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
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| What are DNA and RNA? | nucleic acids made of 5 carbon sugar
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| What is the difference between the structure of DNA ad RNA nucleic acid? | Ribose has an extra hydroxyl on the 2' Carbon
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| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? | Nucleotides
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| What do nucleotides consist of ? | 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing aromatic base
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| How many rings do the purines have? | 2
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| How many rings do the pyrimadines have? | 1
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| What are the purines? | Adenosine and Guanine
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| What are the pyrimadines? | Cytosine, Uracil, Thyamine
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| How do thyamine and uracil differ structurally? | The Thyamine has an extra methyl group
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| What is a nucleoside? | A nucleoside is a nucleotide without the phosphate group, it has the 5 carbon sugar and the nitrogen containing aromatic base
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| What is another term for nucleotide? | Nucleoside monophosphate
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| What is the role of a nucleotide? (2) | monomeric unit of nucleic acids
intermediate in various energy-transferring reactions
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| How is the phosphate group bonded to the 5 carbon sugar? | through a phosphoester bond
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| Where is the phosphate group bonded on the 5 carbon sugar ? | it is bonded to the 5' carbon
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| What is a phosphodiester bridge? | it is the linkage of a phosphate to two adjacent nucelotides
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| How is a phosphodiester bridge linked to the nucleotides? | they are attached to the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the 3' carbon of the other nucleotide
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| What is a polynucleotide? | multiple nucleotides bonded together with the phosphate groups
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| What functional groups allow the based to hydrogen bond? | the carbonyl and nitrogen groups
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| A DNA molecule is a ________-______ helix. | Double-stranded
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| Double helix of DNA consists of two ___________________ of DNA twisted together. | complementary chains
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| Is DNA right handed or left handed? | right handed
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| What letter is DNA? | B
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| What charge do phosphate groups carry? | negative
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| Sugars of DNA have _______ ________ groups. | polar hydroxyl
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| Are the nitrogen bases hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | hydrophobic
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| Where are the nitrogen bases orientated? | inward away from water
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| What stabilizes the structure of DNA? | hydrogen bonding
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| How are the two strands of DNA orientated with eachother? | antiparallel and complementary
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| What is a polysaccharide? | long-chain polymer of sugar and sugar derivatives
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| What is the monomer orientation of polysaccharides? | of a single monomer or alternating monomers
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| What is the primary role of polysaccharides? | energy storage
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| What is the monomer of polysaccharides? | Monosaccharides
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| What are the two types of sugars? | aldosugars and ketosugars
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| Where is the carbonyl located on the aldosugars? | terminal carbon (edge carbon)
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| Where is the carbonyl located on the ketosugar? | internal caronyl (carbon farther down the chain
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| What is the general formula of sugars? | CnH2nOn
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| What coined the term carbohydrates? | the general formula and they were thought to be hydrates of carbon
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| What is the numbering system of monosaccharides? | beginiing with the more xidized end of the molecule or the end closest to the carbonyl
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| How does glucose exist? | in a dynammic equilibriym between the linear and ring form
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| What is the ring form of glucose? | pyranose
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| What is a pyranose ring? | five carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom
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| What is the predominat structure of glucose? | ring form because its mor eenergetically stable than the linear form
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| What is a disaccharide? | long chain polysaccharide
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| What makes up a disaccharide? | two monosaccharide unites linked together
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| What are 3 examples of disaccharides? | maltose,lactose,sucrose
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| What makes up maltose? | two glucose
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| What makes up lactose? | glucose and galactose
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| What makes up sucrose? | glucose and fructose
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| What makes up fructose? | five member ring
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| What is the frucosse ring called? | furanose
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| What other rings are considered furanose rings? | ribose and deoxyribose
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| How are disaccharides formed? | Condensation reaction
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| What is a glycosidic bond? | bond between two monosaccharides
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| What are the two types of polysaccharides? | Storage and structural
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| What are the examples of storage polysaccharides? | starch and glycogen
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| What is the bond of storage polysaccharides? | alpha glycosidic bonds
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| What are thte examples of storage polysaccharides? | Cellulose and chitin
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| What is the bond of structral polysaccharides? | beta glycosidic bonds
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| Why are lipids not always thought of as macromolecules? | they aren't linear
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