Evolution by Natural Selection
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| evolution emerged to explain three fundamental observations | wide variety of species, species characteristics suited to achieve distinct functions and share many structural and functional characteristics
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| principles of population | produce more offspring than the ecosystem can support which results in a struggle for existence
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| 3 key elements of Darwin’s theory | variation, inheritance, selection
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| “differential reproductive success” (DRS) | organisms best adapted to an environment will be most likely to survive to reproductive age and have offspring of their own
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| sexual selection | emphasized adaptations that promoted survival adaptations and therefore DRS
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| trait positively impacts reproductive success could be selected for | even if it jeopardizes survival
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| Intrasexual selection | traits that facilitate competition between members of the same sex for access to mates
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| traits that promote being selected as a mate by the opposite sex | increase DRS
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| Darwin’s theory accomplished | explained how species and diversity could arise, diversity of species, why attributes appear to have a purpose, united all organisms into a common ancestral tree
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| evolution | species change over time
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| differences of whale and shark | horizontal (turn up) vs vertical (forward) tail
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| Prospective memory | remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention in the future
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| some traits hamper survival implies | survival only matters if it impacts reproduction
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| intrasexual selection | traits that facilitate competition with rivals for mates
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| intersexual selection | traits that promote being selected as a mate by opposite sex
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| objections to evolution | emotional, religious, rational
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| emotional objections | suppresses rationality, aids in tribal rivalries
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| religious objections | contradicts religious doctrines unless accounts taken as alegories
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| rational objections | How and why are traits inherited (partially explained by genetics), historical study not scientific (peppered moth, antibiotic resistance)
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| passive process can't develop complex organism | matter self organized and propagated: improved step by step in additive process
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