Chapters 1,3-5,7,8
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Major groups of microorganisms | show 🗑
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show | Prokaryotes
unicellular, lack a nuclei, smaller than eukaryotes
some extreme environments
reproduce asexually
bacteria cell walls
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show | Prokaryotes
unicellular
halophiles
thermophiles
share phenotypic characteristics with bacteria
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show | unicellular or multicellular
photosynthetic
simple reproductive structures
pigmentation
composition of cell wall
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Classification of PROTOZOA | show 🗑
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show | eukaryotic
obtain food from other organism
molds-multicellular
grow as long filaments
yeasts-unicellular
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show | parasitic worms
eukaryotic
multicellular
complex life cycles
many macroscopic
many ways of entry
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show | not living
acellular (proteins and nucleic acids)
must have living cell to reproduce
no metabolism
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show | bacteria is ubiquitous (everywhere)
bacteria and algae more than 70% of earths photosynthesis
majority of the oxygen to the atmosphere
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show | outnumber human cells 10 to 1
nearly 2000 different microbes can cause diseases
typically on harmful microorganisms
examples: Heart disease, cancer, stroke, pulmonary disease,
diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, flu, pneumonia, kidney disease
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show | developed the theory of spontaneous generation stating that
-living things can originate from anything non-living
-sterile-completely free of life forms
living things discriminate between optical isomers
developed vaccines for anthrax
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What are the steps of the scientific method? | show 🗑
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Who is Robert Koch? | show 🗑
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show | NAMING of living things appropiately
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Taxonomy | show 🗑
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show | taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things
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Domain BACTERIA | show 🗑
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Domain ARCHAEA | show 🗑
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Domain EUKARYA | show 🗑
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Binomial system | show 🗑
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show | Mushroom
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show | recombinant DNA technology
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show | Condenser
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Abiogenesis refers to the -spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter -development of life forms from preexisting life forms -development of aseptic techniques -germ theory of disease | show 🗑
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A hypothesis can be defined as -a belied based on knowledge -knowledge based on belief -a scientific explanation that is subject to testing -a theory that has been thoroughly tested | show 🗑
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show | a theory
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show | species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom
domain
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show | bacteria and archaea
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show | atom
protein
adenovirus
rickettsia
coccus-shaped bacterium
white blood cell
amoeba
helminths
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show | inoculation
incubation
isolation
inspection
identification
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show | producing a culture, microbes must be provided with all of their required nutrients in an artificial medium
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Incubation | show 🗑
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isolation | show 🗑
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show | colonies and broth culture are observed for growth characteristics that could be useful for analyzing the specimen content
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show | determination of the type of microbe, usually to the level of species
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three categories of Media classification | show 🗑
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physical state | show 🗑
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show | chemically definied
complex
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show | general purpose
enriched
selective
differential
anaerobic growth
specimen transport
assay
enumeration
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Pure culture | show 🗑
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show | container that holds 2 or more identified, easily differentiated species or microorganisms
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show | culture that was once pure or mixed that now contains contaminants or unwanted microbes of uncertain identity
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streak plate method | show 🗑
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show | method of choice for counting the number of colony forming bacteria present in a liquid specimen
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show | a series of sequential dilutions used to reduce a dense culture of cells to a more usable concentration
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microbial dimensions small to largest | show 🗑
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show | apparent enlargement of a specimen
clear glass sphere can magnify most objects
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show | the capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate 2 adjacent objects or points from one another
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show | differences in intensity between 2 objects, or an object and its background
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brightfield microscope (compound) | show 🗑
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phase contrast microscope | show 🗑
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dark field microscope | show 🗑
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show | basic dyes stain acidic structures
positive stain
cells are typically negative
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anionic dyes | show 🗑
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gram stain | show 🗑
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show | macroscopic, media
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show | contains 2 or more known species
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Resolution is _____ with a longer wavelength of light. -improved -worsened -not changed -not possible | show 🗑
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A real image is produced by the -ocular -objective -condenser -eye | show 🗑
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A microscope that has a total magnification of 1500x when using the oil immersion objective has an ocular of what power? -150x -1.5x -15x -30x | show 🗑
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show | killed
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Motility i sbest observed with a -hanging drop preparation -negative stain -streak plate -flagellar stain | show 🗑
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show | contain large amounts of acidic substances
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a fastidious organism must be grown on what type of medium? -general purpose medium -differential medium -defined medium -enriched medium | show 🗑
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show | bacteria can reproduce, metabolize, and nutrient processing
bacteria does not wind DNA and archaea does
bacteria and archaea have nuclear material free in cytoplasm
eukaryotes have a nucles and wind with DNA
bacteria cell wall made up of peptidoglycan
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show | 3 basic shapes
coccus-round
bacillus-oval
spirillium-spiral
diplo-2
tetrads-groups of four
staphylo-grapes
strepto-chains of a few to a hundred
sarcina-cube packet of 8,16 or more
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show | -gram positive peptidoglycan layer is thick, has teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
-gram negative is thin and has porins, periplasm, and lipoproteins
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show | groups of pathogenic bacteria
membrane is stabilized by sterols and is resistant to lysis
ex: chlamydia
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mycobacterium | show 🗑
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glycocalyces | show 🗑
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Flagella structure | show 🗑
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monotrichous (polar) | show 🗑
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Lophotrichous (polar) | show 🗑
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amphitrichous (polar) | show 🗑
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peritrichous | show 🗑
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atrichous | show 🗑
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fimbriae | show 🗑
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pili (sex pilus) | show 🗑
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show | structure produced by some bacteria that can withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival
can resist: heating, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals
gram positive bacillus
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endospores gram positive bacillus and medical importance | show 🗑
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show | -convert CO2 and H2 into methane CH4
-common inhabitants of anaerobic swamp mud, bottom of lake
-gas produced in swamps may become source of fuel
-contribute to greenhouse gas
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show | -flourish at temps between 80 and 113 degrees Celsius and cannot grow below 50 degrees Celsius
-live in volcanic waters and soils
-often salt and acid tolerant
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psychrophiles | show 🗑
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halophiles | show 🗑
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Parts of a microscope | show 🗑
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show | divisions
diagnostic scheme
subgroups
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show | gracilicutes-gram neg cell walls, thin
firmicutes-gram pos cell walls, thick and strong
tenericutes-lack a cell wall, soft
mendosicutes-archaea
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diagnostic scheme | show 🗑
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subgroups | show 🗑
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show | developed by Hans Christian Gram
2 major groups of bacteria, gram + and gram-
dif. lie in the structure of the cell envelope
iodine forms with crystal violet in peptidoglycan layer for gram +
strips lipids in outer mem and decolors layer in gram -
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show | actin like cytoskeleton
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Pili are tubular shafts in ____bacteria that serve as a means of _____. | show 🗑
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show | a capsule
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Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function? -transport -motility -support -adhesion | show 🗑
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show | peptidoglycan
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show | PO4, Corynebacterium
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Bacterial endospores usually function in -reproduction -survival -protein synthesis -storage | show 🗑
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A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a -micrococcus -diplococcus -tetrad -sarcina | show 🗑
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show | Gracilicutes
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Which stain is used to distinguish differences between the cell walls of medically important bacteria? -simple stain -acridine orange stain -gram stain -negative stain | show 🗑
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show | fungal infections of humans and animalssaprobes
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show | saprobes feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms
parasites derive nutrients from the cells and tissues of a host
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show | -strains of different mating types must meet (hyphae or mycelium) for sexual spore formation
-allow for genetic variation
-usually microscopic
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asexual life cycle | show 🗑
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show | formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium (spore bearing sac)
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show | free spores not enclosed by a spore bearing sac
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superficial mycoses | show 🗑
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subcutaneous mycoses | show 🗑
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show | fungal growth in internal organs of the body, such as lungs
-subclassified as primary or secondary infections
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Locomotion of Protists | show 🗑
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pseudopod | show 🗑
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flagella | show 🗑
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cilia | show 🗑
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life cycle of protists | show 🗑
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Trophozoite | show 🗑
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Cyst | show 🗑
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show | a protist disease caused by Plasmodium spp.
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show | -is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects
-life cycle involves development of blood feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host
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show | all flatworms
-class cestoda (tape worms)
-class trematoda (flukes)
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show | roundworms, hookworms, pinworms
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show | fertilized egg-environment
larval stage-intermediate host
adult stage-definitive host
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intermediate (secondary) host | show 🗑
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show | host in which adulthood and mating occur
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show | -shape
-size
-degree of development of organs
-presence of hooks, suckers, other special structures
-mode of reproduction
-kinds of hosts
-appearance of eggs and larvae
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Vectors | show 🗑
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show | 2 classes of arthropod
-arachnida
-insecta
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Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in -algae -protozoa -fungi -both a and c | show 🗑
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show | ribosomes
double membrane structure
pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm
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The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes -fungi -algae -protozoa -a and b | show 🗑
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Yeasts are ____ fungi, and molds are ____ fungi. | show 🗑
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Algae generally contain some type of -spore -chlorophyll -locomotor organelle -toxin | show 🗑
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Almost all protozoa have a -locomotor organelle -cyst stage -pellicle -trophozoite stage | show 🗑
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All mature sporozoa are -parasitic -nonmotile -carried by vectors -both a and b | show 🗑
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parasitic helminths reproduce with -spores -eggs and sperm -mitosis -cysts -all of these | show 🗑
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show | bacteria
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Most helminth infections -are localized to one site in the body -spread through major systems of the body -develop within the spleen -develop within the liver | show 🗑
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show | prokaryotic cell division following enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size
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show | time required for microbial cells to double in number
minutes to double-exponential growth
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microbial growth curve | show 🗑
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show | synthesize enzymes
when bacteria is in a media
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log phase | show 🗑
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show | runs out of nutrients
population constant
wastes accumulate
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death phase | show 🗑
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show | spread plate w/serial dilution
pour plate w/serial dilution
most probable number count
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show | microscopic (hemacytometer)
electronic
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indirect methods when weren't not directly counting | show 🗑
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phototroph vs chemotroph | show 🗑
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autotroph vs. heterotrophs | show 🗑
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environmental factors affecting growth | show 🗑
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temperature affecting growth | show 🗑
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show | obligate aerobe-essential has enzymes to detoxify
facultative anaerobe-capable of growth in absence of O2 but prefers
obligate anaerobe-O2 is deadly, can't detoxify
aerotolerant anaerobes-can survive and grow to a limited extent in presence of O2
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pH requirements affecting growth | show 🗑
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show | restricts organisms to certain environments
requires high levels of salt- halophiles
best of solute conc 3 to 12 %
halotolerant can tolerate solutes 1to 7 %
nonhalophiles need very low conc
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symbiotic | show 🗑
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show | organisms are free living, relationships not required for survival
-synergism/members cooperate and share nutrients
-antagonism/some members are inhibited or destroyed by others
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Biofilms | show 🗑
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show | cells are stimulated to release chemicals as the population grows to monitor its size
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show | gram -
positive feedback
180 genes during reg metabolism
600 genes in high cell density
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AIP (Autoinducing peptide) | show 🗑
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show | cross species talk
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show | an inorganic environmental reservoir
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An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is -photoautotroph -photoheterotroph -chemoautotroph -chemoheterotroph | show 🗑
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Chemoautotrophs can survive on ______ alone. | show 🗑
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show | require inorganic nutrients
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A pathogen would most accurately be described as a -parasite -commensal -saprobe -symbiont | show 🗑
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Which of the following is true of passive transport -it requires a gradient -it uses the cell wall -it includes endocytosis -it only moves water | show 🗑
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A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will _____ by osmosis. | show 🗑
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show | at refrigeration temps
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Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack -catalase -peroxidase -dismutase -oxidase | show 🗑
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show | colony, cell
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constitutive enzyme | show 🗑
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show | production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of substrate
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show | stops further synthesis of an enzyme somewhere along its pathway
response time is longer than for feedback inhibition
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show | enzymes appear induced only when suitable substrates are present
inverse of enzyme repression
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aerobic respiration | show 🗑
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show | utilizes glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain but final electron acceptor is NO3, SO4, or CO3 NOT O2
less efficient than aerobic
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glycolysis | show 🗑
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pyruvic acid | show 🗑
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show | doesn't require O2
depends on by products of respiration to continue
-all reactions occur twice for each glucose molecule because 2 pyruvates are formed during glycolysis
-2 ATPs
acetyl coA
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show | series of oxidations and reductions
receives electrons from NADH and FADH2
electrons are passed from one protein to the next
electron at the end is spent and given final acceptor as OXYGEN
-34 ATPs
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show | 38 ATPs
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show | utilized by every organism, to some extent , perferred method of making ATP by some
by itself it makes no ATP
oxygen is not required
yields 2 ATP from glycolysis
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alcoholic fermentation | show 🗑
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show | lipases- breaks apart fatty acids joined to glycerol
glycerol is then converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate which can enter glycolysis
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show | proteases- break down proteins to their amino acid components
amino group removed through deamination
remaining carbon converted to the krebs cycle
decarboxylation is also possible
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show | some metabolic pathways can be used in forward and reverse direction
increased efficiency
given molecule can serve multiple purposes to derive max benefit
both catabolism and anabolism
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show | light dependent reactions- proceed only in the presence of sunlight
light-independent-proceed regardless of lighting conditions
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show | the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy
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carbohydrate catabolism | show 🗑
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Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ________ molecules are converted into _______ molecules | show 🗑
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show | is heat and pH labile
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show | active site
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To digest cellulose in its environment, a fungus produces a/an -endoenzyme -exoenzyme -catalase -polymerase | show 🗑
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Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of -ADP -high energy ATP bonds -coenzymes -inorganic phosphate | show 🗑
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Many coenzymes -metals -vitamins -proteins -substrates | show 🗑
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show | ATP
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show | 2
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Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of _______ ATPs. | show 🗑
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show | 3
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