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Chapters 1,3-5,7,8

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Term
Definition
show Archaea bacteria algae protozoa fungus helminth virus  
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show Prokaryotes unicellular, lack a nuclei, smaller than eukaryotes some extreme environments reproduce asexually bacteria cell walls  
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Classification of Archaea   show
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show unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic simple reproductive structures pigmentation composition of cell wall  
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show single celled eukaryotes live in h2o or animal host most are asexual and sexual reproduction capable of locomotion (cilia or flagella)  
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Classification of FUNGI   show
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Classification of HELMINTHS   show
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show not living acellular (proteins and nucleic acids) must have living cell to reproduce no metabolism  
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What is the impact of microorganisms on environment (photosynthesis)?   show
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What is the impact of microorganisms on humans (infectious disease control)?   show
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show developed the theory of spontaneous generation stating that -living things can originate from anything non-living -sterile-completely free of life forms living things discriminate between optical isomers developed vaccines for anthrax  
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show 1-Observations 2-develop a hypothesis 3-Experiment including control groups 4-Analyze the data 5-Draw a conclusion, reject or accept hypothesis  
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show developed infectious disease and the rise of pure cultures simple staining techniques first photomicrograph of bacteria steam to sterilize media aseptic techniques microbial growth  
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show NAMING of living things appropiately  
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show the science of CLASSIFYING living beings  
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show taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things  
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Domain BACTERIA   show
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show Methane producers Prokaryotes that live in extreme salt Prokaryotes that live extreme heat singular, circular chromosomes flagella, solid fimbrial like structure long chain, branched hydrocarbons with ether linkages  
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show EUKARYOTES plants, animals, fungi, protozoa several, linear chromosomes flagella, 9" + 2" microtubule arrangement fatty acids with ester linkages  
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show a combination of the genus and species name -genus name-capitalized -species-lower case  
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Which of the following is not considered a microorganism? -algae -bacterium -protozoan -mushroom   show
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Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material? -bioremediation -biotechnology -decomposition -recombinant DNA technology   show
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Which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhock 's microscopes? -focusing screw -lens -specimen holder -condenser   show
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Abiogenesis refers to the -spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter -development of life forms from preexisting life forms -development of aseptic techniques -germ theory of disease   show
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show a scientific explanation that is subject to testing  
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show a theory  
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show species genus family order class phylum kingdom domain  
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Which of the following are not eukaryotic? -bacteria -archaea -protozoa -both a and b   show
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show atom protein adenovirus rickettsia coccus-shaped bacterium white blood cell amoeba helminths  
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show inoculation incubation isolation inspection identification  
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inoculation   show
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show microbial growth-increases in a population of microbes liquid medium-cloudiness solid medium- discrete colony or a biofilm  
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show goal is to get colonies that consist of just one species pure culture subclture streak plate method  
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show colonies and broth culture are observed for growth characteristics that could be useful for analyzing the specimen content  
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identification   show
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show physical state chemical composition functional type  
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physical state   show
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show chemically definied complex  
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show general purpose enriched selective differential anaerobic growth specimen transport assay enumeration  
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show container of medium that contains only a single known species or type of microorganism  
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mixed culture   show
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show culture that was once pure or mixed that now contains contaminants or unwanted microbes of uncertain identity  
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show small droplet of culture or sample is spread across the surface of a medium with an innoculating loop. gradually thins out the sample and separates cells  
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show method of choice for counting the number of colony forming bacteria present in a liquid specimen  
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show a series of sequential dilutions used to reduce a dense culture of cells to a more usable concentration  
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show virus bacteria yeast red blood cell protozoan  
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show apparent enlargement of a specimen clear glass sphere can magnify most objects  
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show the capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate 2 adjacent objects or points from one another  
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show differences in intensity between 2 objects, or an object and its background  
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brightfield microscope (compound)   show
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show improves the contrast of a sample without the use of a stain visualization of live samples image of dark cells on a light background  
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dark field microscope   show
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show basic dyes stain acidic structures positive stain cells are typically negative  
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anionic dyes   show
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show gram positive is purple gram negative is pink crystal violet as primary stain iodine is mordant ethanol is a decolorizer safranin is a counterstain  
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show macroscopic, media  
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show contains 2 or more known species  
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Resolution is _____ with a longer wavelength of light. -improved -worsened -not changed -not possible   show
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show objective  
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A microscope that has a total magnification of 1500x when using the oil immersion objective has an ocular of what power? -150x -1.5x -15x -30x   show
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The specimen for an electron microscope is always -stained with dyes -sliced into thin sections -killed -viewed directly   show
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show hanging drop preparation  
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Bacteria tend to stain more readily with cationic positively charged dyes because bacterial surfaces -contain large amounts of alkaline substances -contain large amounts of acidic substances -are neutral -have thick cell walls   show
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a fastidious organism must be grown on what type of medium? -general purpose medium -differential medium -defined medium -enriched medium   show
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Bacteria and archaea vs. Eukaryotes   show
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Morphology and arrangement of cells   show
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show -gram positive peptidoglycan layer is thick, has teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids -gram negative is thin and has porins, periplasm, and lipoproteins  
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show groups of pathogenic bacteria membrane is stabilized by sterols and is resistant to lysis ex: chlamydia  
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show lipids (mycolic acid) in the cell wall increase survival ex:TB  
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show gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of the cell polysaccharides or polypeptides 2 types can accumulate, capsule or slime layer biofilms  
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Flagella structure   show
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monotrichous (polar)   show
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Lophotrichous (polar)   show
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amphitrichous (polar)   show
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peritrichous   show
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atrichous   show
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show -sticky, bristle like projections -used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to substance in environment -serve an important function in biofilms  
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pili (sex pilus)   show
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endospores   show
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show ex: anthrax, botulism, tetanus -some diseases are related to the persistence and resistance of their spores -endospores are constant intruders where sterility and cleanliness are important -hosp must protect against endospores in wounds  
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show -convert CO2 and H2 into methane CH4 -common inhabitants of anaerobic swamp mud, bottom of lake -gas produced in swamps may become source of fuel -contribute to greenhouse gas  
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show -flourish at temps between 80 and 113 degrees Celsius and cannot grow below 50 degrees Celsius -live in volcanic waters and soils -often salt and acid tolerant  
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psychrophiles   show
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show -require salt to grow -can multiply in 36% NaCl that would destroy most cells -exist inland seas, salt lakes, salt mines -use red pigment to synthesize ATP in presence of light  
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show objective lens-magnifications illuminator-steady light source instead of a mirror condensor-focus light onto the specimen, useful at highest power diaphragm-rotating disk under stage used in varying the intensity and size of a cone of light  
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classification of bacteria   show
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show gracilicutes-gram neg cell walls, thin firmicutes-gram pos cell walls, thick and strong tenericutes-lack a cell wall, soft mendosicutes-archaea  
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show gram pos gram neg bacteria without cell walls  
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show cell shape arrangements oxygen usage (aerobic, anaerobic, facultative)  
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show developed by Hans Christian Gram 2 major groups of bacteria, gram + and gram- dif. lie in the structure of the cell envelope iodine forms with crystal violet in peptidoglycan layer for gram + strips lipids in outer mem and decolors layer in gram -  
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show actin like cytoskeleton  
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show gram negative, genetic exchange  
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An example of a glycocalyx is -a capsule -a pilus -an outer membrane -a cell wall   show
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Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function? -transport -motility -support -adhesion   show
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show peptidoglycan  
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show PO4, Corynebacterium  
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Bacterial endospores usually function in -reproduction -survival -protein synthesis -storage   show
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A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a -micrococcus -diplococcus -tetrad -sarcina   show
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show Gracilicutes  
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show gram stain  
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Mycoses   show
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show saprobes feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms parasites derive nutrients from the cells and tissues of a host  
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sexual life cycle   show
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show -fungi are classified by their asexual spores -sporangiospores and conidospores  
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show formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium (spore bearing sac)  
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show free spores not enclosed by a spore bearing sac  
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superficial mycoses   show
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subcutaneous mycoses   show
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systemic mycoses   show
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Locomotion of Protists   show
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show false feet serve as feeding structures  
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show vary in number from one to several  
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show distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic patterns  
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show Trophozoite Cyst  
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Trophozoite   show
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Cyst   show
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show a protist disease caused by Plasmodium spp.  
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show -is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects -life cycle involves development of blood feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host  
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show all flatworms -class cestoda (tape worms) -class trematoda (flukes)  
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show roundworms, hookworms, pinworms  
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show fertilized egg-environment larval stage-intermediate host adult stage-definitive host  
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intermediate (secondary) host   show
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show host in which adulthood and mating occur  
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show -shape -size -degree of development of organs -presence of hooks, suckers, other special structures -mode of reproduction -kinds of hosts -appearance of eggs and larvae  
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show animals that carry pathogens -mechanical-carried outside the body -biological-carried inside the body  
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show 2 classes of arthropod -arachnida -insecta  
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show protozoa  
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show ribosomes double membrane structure pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm  
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show fungi and algae  
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Yeasts are ____ fungi, and molds are ____ fungi.   show
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show chlorophyll  
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Almost all protozoa have a -locomotor organelle -cyst stage -pellicle -trophozoite stage   show
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show parasitic and nonmotile  
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parasitic helminths reproduce with -spores -eggs and sperm -mitosis -cysts -all of these   show
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Mitochondria likely orginated from -archaea -invaginations of the cell membrane -bacteria -chloroplasts   show
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Most helminth infections -are localized to one site in the body -spread through major systems of the body -develop within the spleen -develop within the liver   show
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show prokaryotic cell division following enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size  
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show time required for microbial cells to double in number minutes to double-exponential growth  
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show lag phase log phase stationary phase death phase  
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lag phase   show
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show rapid increase most susceptible to antibiotics metabolism at max actively dividing  
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show runs out of nutrients population constant wastes accumulate  
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death phase   show
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show spread plate w/serial dilution pour plate w/serial dilution most probable number count  
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show microscopic (hemacytometer) electronic  
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show turbidimetric (spectrophotometry) metabolic activity dry weight genetic methods  
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show -phototroph microbes that photosynthesize use light for energy and utilize inorganic components -chemotroph are microbes that gain energy from chemical organic compounds  
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show -autotrophs use CO2 (inorganic carbon) as their carbon source converts it to food primary producers -heterotrophs require 1 or more organic molecules for their carbon source feed directly on autotrophs  
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environmental factors affecting growth   show
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show psychrophiles- adap[t to grow at very low temps mesophiles-optimum growth at 20 to 40 degrees C thermophiles-flourish at high temps  
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oxygen requirements affecting growth   show
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show acidophiles-grow best at low ph <6 neutrophile-grow best between pH 6 to pH 8 alkalinophile-grow best at high pH >8  
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Osmotic pressure affecting growth   show
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symbiotic   show
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nonsymbiotic   show
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show mixed communities of different kinds of bacteria and other microbes  
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Quorum sensing   show
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show gram - positive feedback 180 genes during reg metabolism 600 genes in high cell density  
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AIP (Autoinducing peptide)   show
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AI-2 (autoinducer 2)   show
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The source of the necessary elements of life is -an organic environmental reservoir -the sun -rocks -the air   show
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show photoautotroph  
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Chemoautotrophs can survive on ______ alone.   show
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Which of the following statements is true for ALL organisms -require organic nutrients -require inorganic nutrients -require growth factors -require oxygen gas   show
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A pathogen would most accurately be described as a -parasite -commensal -saprobe -symbiont   show
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show it requires a gradient  
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A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will _____ by osmosis.   show
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show at refrigeration temps  
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Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack -catalase -peroxidase -dismutase -oxidase   show
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In a viable plate count, each ______ represents a _________ from the same population.   show
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constitutive enzyme   show
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show production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of substrate  
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show stops further synthesis of an enzyme somewhere along its pathway response time is longer than for feedback inhibition  
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induction control   show
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show series of reactions that converts glucose to CO2 and allows the cell to recover significant amounts of energy glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain  
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show utilizes glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain but final electron acceptor is NO3, SO4, or CO3 NOT O2 less efficient than aerobic  
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show the universal pathway glucose is phosphorylated, split in 2, and converted to pyruvic acid 2 ATPs  
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pyruvic acid   show
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show doesn't require O2 depends on by products of respiration to continue -all reactions occur twice for each glucose molecule because 2 pyruvates are formed during glycolysis -2 ATPs acetyl coA  
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show series of oxidations and reductions receives electrons from NADH and FADH2 electrons are passed from one protein to the next electron at the end is spent and given final acceptor as OXYGEN -34 ATPs  
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show 38 ATPs  
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show utilized by every organism, to some extent , perferred method of making ATP by some by itself it makes no ATP oxygen is not required yields 2 ATP from glycolysis  
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show occurs mainly in yeast converts pyruvic acid to ethanol  
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show lipases- breaks apart fatty acids joined to glycerol glycerol is then converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate which can enter glycolysis  
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protein catabolism   show
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show some metabolic pathways can be used in forward and reverse direction increased efficiency given molecule can serve multiple purposes to derive max benefit both catabolism and anabolism  
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photosynthesis   show
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anabolism   show
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show amylase- break down starch into glucose  
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show Large, small  
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show is heat and pH labile  
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show active site  
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To digest cellulose in its environment, a fungus produces a/an -endoenzyme -exoenzyme -catalase -polymerase   show
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show high energy ATP bonds  
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show vitamins  
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A product or products of glycolysis is/are -ATP -H2O -CO2 -both a and b   show
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Fermentation of a glucose molecule has the potential to produce a net number of ________ ATPs.   show
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Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of _______ ATPs.   show
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show 3  
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