Chapters 1,3-5,7,8
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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show | Archaea
bacteria
algae
protozoa
fungus
helminth
virus
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show | Prokaryotes
unicellular, lack a nuclei, smaller than eukaryotes
some extreme environments
reproduce asexually
bacteria cell walls
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Classification of Archaea | show 🗑
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show | unicellular or multicellular
photosynthetic
simple reproductive structures
pigmentation
composition of cell wall
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show | single celled eukaryotes
live in h2o or animal host
most are asexual and sexual reproduction
capable of locomotion (cilia or flagella)
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Classification of FUNGI | show 🗑
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Classification of HELMINTHS | show 🗑
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show | not living
acellular (proteins and nucleic acids)
must have living cell to reproduce
no metabolism
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What is the impact of microorganisms on environment (photosynthesis)? | show 🗑
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What is the impact of microorganisms on humans (infectious disease control)? | show 🗑
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show | developed the theory of spontaneous generation stating that
-living things can originate from anything non-living
-sterile-completely free of life forms
living things discriminate between optical isomers
developed vaccines for anthrax
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show | 1-Observations
2-develop a hypothesis
3-Experiment including control groups
4-Analyze the data
5-Draw a conclusion, reject or accept hypothesis
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show | developed infectious disease and the rise of pure cultures
simple staining techniques
first photomicrograph of bacteria
steam to sterilize media
aseptic techniques
microbial growth
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show | NAMING of living things appropiately
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show | the science of CLASSIFYING living beings
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show | taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things
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Domain BACTERIA | show 🗑
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show | Methane producers
Prokaryotes that live in extreme salt
Prokaryotes that live extreme heat
singular, circular chromosomes
flagella, solid fimbrial like structure
long chain, branched hydrocarbons with ether linkages
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show | EUKARYOTES
plants, animals, fungi, protozoa
several, linear chromosomes
flagella, 9" + 2" microtubule arrangement
fatty acids with ester linkages
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show | a combination of the genus and species name
-genus name-capitalized
-species-lower case
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Which of the following is not considered a microorganism? -algae -bacterium -protozoan -mushroom | show 🗑
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Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material? -bioremediation -biotechnology -decomposition -recombinant DNA technology | show 🗑
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Which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhock 's microscopes? -focusing screw -lens -specimen holder -condenser | show 🗑
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Abiogenesis refers to the -spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter -development of life forms from preexisting life forms -development of aseptic techniques -germ theory of disease | show 🗑
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show | a scientific explanation that is subject to testing
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show | a theory
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show | species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom
domain
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Which of the following are not eukaryotic? -bacteria -archaea -protozoa -both a and b | show 🗑
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show | atom
protein
adenovirus
rickettsia
coccus-shaped bacterium
white blood cell
amoeba
helminths
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show | inoculation
incubation
isolation
inspection
identification
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inoculation | show 🗑
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show | microbial growth-increases in a population of microbes
liquid medium-cloudiness
solid medium- discrete colony or a biofilm
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show | goal is to get colonies that consist of just one species
pure culture
subclture
streak plate method
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show | colonies and broth culture are observed for growth characteristics that could be useful for analyzing the specimen content
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identification | show 🗑
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show | physical state
chemical composition
functional type
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physical state | show 🗑
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show | chemically definied
complex
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show | general purpose
enriched
selective
differential
anaerobic growth
specimen transport
assay
enumeration
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show | container of medium that contains only a single known species or type of microorganism
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mixed culture | show 🗑
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show | culture that was once pure or mixed that now contains contaminants or unwanted microbes of uncertain identity
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show | small droplet of culture or sample is spread across the surface of a medium with an innoculating loop. gradually thins out the sample and separates cells
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show | method of choice for counting the number of colony forming bacteria present in a liquid specimen
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show | a series of sequential dilutions used to reduce a dense culture of cells to a more usable concentration
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show | virus
bacteria
yeast
red blood cell
protozoan
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show | apparent enlargement of a specimen
clear glass sphere can magnify most objects
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show | the capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate 2 adjacent objects or points from one another
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show | differences in intensity between 2 objects, or an object and its background
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brightfield microscope (compound) | show 🗑
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show | improves the contrast of a sample without the use of a stain
visualization of live samples
image of dark cells on a light background
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dark field microscope | show 🗑
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show | basic dyes stain acidic structures
positive stain
cells are typically negative
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anionic dyes | show 🗑
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show | gram positive is purple
gram negative is pink
crystal violet as primary stain
iodine is mordant
ethanol is a decolorizer
safranin is a counterstain
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show | macroscopic, media
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show | contains 2 or more known species
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Resolution is _____ with a longer wavelength of light. -improved -worsened -not changed -not possible | show 🗑
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show | objective
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A microscope that has a total magnification of 1500x when using the oil immersion objective has an ocular of what power? -150x -1.5x -15x -30x | show 🗑
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The specimen for an electron microscope is always -stained with dyes -sliced into thin sections -killed -viewed directly | show 🗑
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show | hanging drop preparation
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Bacteria tend to stain more readily with cationic positively charged dyes because bacterial surfaces -contain large amounts of alkaline substances -contain large amounts of acidic substances -are neutral -have thick cell walls | show 🗑
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a fastidious organism must be grown on what type of medium? -general purpose medium -differential medium -defined medium -enriched medium | show 🗑
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Bacteria and archaea vs. Eukaryotes | show 🗑
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Morphology and arrangement of cells | show 🗑
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show | -gram positive peptidoglycan layer is thick, has teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
-gram negative is thin and has porins, periplasm, and lipoproteins
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show | groups of pathogenic bacteria
membrane is stabilized by sterols and is resistant to lysis
ex: chlamydia
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show | lipids (mycolic acid) in the cell wall increase survival
ex:TB
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show | gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of the cell
polysaccharides or polypeptides
2 types can accumulate, capsule or slime layer
biofilms
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Flagella structure | show 🗑
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monotrichous (polar) | show 🗑
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Lophotrichous (polar) | show 🗑
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amphitrichous (polar) | show 🗑
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peritrichous | show 🗑
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atrichous | show 🗑
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show | -sticky, bristle like projections
-used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to substance in
environment
-serve an important function in biofilms
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pili (sex pilus) | show 🗑
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endospores | show 🗑
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show | ex: anthrax, botulism, tetanus
-some diseases are related to the persistence and resistance of their spores
-endospores are constant intruders where sterility and cleanliness are important
-hosp must protect against endospores in wounds
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show | -convert CO2 and H2 into methane CH4
-common inhabitants of anaerobic swamp mud, bottom of lake
-gas produced in swamps may become source of fuel
-contribute to greenhouse gas
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show | -flourish at temps between 80 and 113 degrees Celsius and cannot grow below 50 degrees Celsius
-live in volcanic waters and soils
-often salt and acid tolerant
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psychrophiles | show 🗑
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show | -require salt to grow
-can multiply in 36% NaCl that would destroy most cells
-exist inland seas, salt lakes, salt mines
-use red pigment to synthesize ATP in presence of light
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show | objective lens-magnifications
illuminator-steady light source instead of a mirror
condensor-focus light onto the specimen, useful at highest power
diaphragm-rotating disk under stage used in varying the
intensity and size of a cone of light
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classification of bacteria | show 🗑
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show | gracilicutes-gram neg cell walls, thin
firmicutes-gram pos cell walls, thick and strong
tenericutes-lack a cell wall, soft
mendosicutes-archaea
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show | gram pos
gram neg
bacteria without cell walls
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show | cell shape
arrangements
oxygen usage (aerobic, anaerobic, facultative)
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show | developed by Hans Christian Gram
2 major groups of bacteria, gram + and gram-
dif. lie in the structure of the cell envelope
iodine forms with crystal violet in peptidoglycan layer for gram +
strips lipids in outer mem and decolors layer in gram -
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show | actin like cytoskeleton
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show | gram negative, genetic exchange
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An example of a glycocalyx is -a capsule -a pilus -an outer membrane -a cell wall | show 🗑
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Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function? -transport -motility -support -adhesion | show 🗑
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show | peptidoglycan
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show | PO4, Corynebacterium
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Bacterial endospores usually function in -reproduction -survival -protein synthesis -storage | show 🗑
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A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a -micrococcus -diplococcus -tetrad -sarcina | show 🗑
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show | Gracilicutes
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show | gram stain
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Mycoses | show 🗑
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show | saprobes feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms
parasites derive nutrients from the cells and tissues of a host
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sexual life cycle | show 🗑
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show | -fungi are classified by their asexual spores
-sporangiospores and conidospores
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show | formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium (spore bearing sac)
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show | free spores not enclosed by a spore bearing sac
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superficial mycoses | show 🗑
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subcutaneous mycoses | show 🗑
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systemic mycoses | show 🗑
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Locomotion of Protists | show 🗑
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show | false feet
serve as feeding structures
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show | vary in number from one to several
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show | distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic patterns
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show | Trophozoite
Cyst
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Trophozoite | show 🗑
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Cyst | show 🗑
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show | a protist disease caused by Plasmodium spp.
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show | -is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects
-life cycle involves development of blood feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host
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show | all flatworms
-class cestoda (tape worms)
-class trematoda (flukes)
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show | roundworms, hookworms, pinworms
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show | fertilized egg-environment
larval stage-intermediate host
adult stage-definitive host
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intermediate (secondary) host | show 🗑
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show | host in which adulthood and mating occur
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show | -shape
-size
-degree of development of organs
-presence of hooks, suckers, other special structures
-mode of reproduction
-kinds of hosts
-appearance of eggs and larvae
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show | animals that carry pathogens
-mechanical-carried outside the body
-biological-carried inside the body
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show | 2 classes of arthropod
-arachnida
-insecta
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show | protozoa
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show | ribosomes
double membrane structure
pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm
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show | fungi and algae
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Yeasts are ____ fungi, and molds are ____ fungi. | show 🗑
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show | chlorophyll
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Almost all protozoa have a -locomotor organelle -cyst stage -pellicle -trophozoite stage | show 🗑
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show | parasitic and nonmotile
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parasitic helminths reproduce with -spores -eggs and sperm -mitosis -cysts -all of these | show 🗑
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Mitochondria likely orginated from -archaea -invaginations of the cell membrane -bacteria -chloroplasts | show 🗑
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Most helminth infections -are localized to one site in the body -spread through major systems of the body -develop within the spleen -develop within the liver | show 🗑
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show | prokaryotic cell division following enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size
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show | time required for microbial cells to double in number
minutes to double-exponential growth
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show | lag phase
log phase
stationary phase
death phase
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lag phase | show 🗑
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show | rapid increase
most susceptible to antibiotics
metabolism at max
actively dividing
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show | runs out of nutrients
population constant
wastes accumulate
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death phase | show 🗑
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show | spread plate w/serial dilution
pour plate w/serial dilution
most probable number count
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show | microscopic (hemacytometer)
electronic
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show | turbidimetric (spectrophotometry)
metabolic activity
dry weight
genetic methods
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show | -phototroph microbes that photosynthesize use light for energy and utilize inorganic components
-chemotroph are microbes that gain energy from chemical organic compounds
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show | -autotrophs use CO2 (inorganic carbon) as their carbon source
converts it to food
primary producers
-heterotrophs require 1 or more organic molecules for their carbon source
feed directly on autotrophs
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environmental factors affecting growth | show 🗑
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show | psychrophiles- adap[t to grow at very low temps
mesophiles-optimum growth at 20 to 40 degrees C
thermophiles-flourish at high temps
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oxygen requirements affecting growth | show 🗑
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show | acidophiles-grow best at low ph <6
neutrophile-grow best between pH 6 to pH 8
alkalinophile-grow best at high pH >8
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Osmotic pressure affecting growth | show 🗑
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symbiotic | show 🗑
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nonsymbiotic | show 🗑
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show | mixed communities of different kinds of bacteria and other microbes
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Quorum sensing | show 🗑
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show | gram -
positive feedback
180 genes during reg metabolism
600 genes in high cell density
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AIP (Autoinducing peptide) | show 🗑
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AI-2 (autoinducer 2) | show 🗑
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The source of the necessary elements of life is -an organic environmental reservoir -the sun -rocks -the air | show 🗑
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show | photoautotroph
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Chemoautotrophs can survive on ______ alone. | show 🗑
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Which of the following statements is true for ALL organisms -require organic nutrients -require inorganic nutrients -require growth factors -require oxygen gas | show 🗑
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A pathogen would most accurately be described as a -parasite -commensal -saprobe -symbiont | show 🗑
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show | it requires a gradient
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A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will _____ by osmosis. | show 🗑
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show | at refrigeration temps
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Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack -catalase -peroxidase -dismutase -oxidase | show 🗑
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In a viable plate count, each ______ represents a _________ from the same population. | show 🗑
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constitutive enzyme | show 🗑
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show | production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of substrate
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show | stops further synthesis of an enzyme somewhere along its pathway
response time is longer than for feedback inhibition
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induction control | show 🗑
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show | series of reactions that converts glucose to CO2 and allows the cell to recover significant amounts of energy
glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
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show | utilizes glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain but final electron acceptor is NO3, SO4, or CO3 NOT O2
less efficient than aerobic
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show | the universal pathway
glucose is phosphorylated, split in 2, and converted to pyruvic acid
2 ATPs
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pyruvic acid | show 🗑
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show | doesn't require O2
depends on by products of respiration to continue
-all reactions occur twice for each glucose molecule because 2 pyruvates are formed during glycolysis
-2 ATPs
acetyl coA
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show | series of oxidations and reductions
receives electrons from NADH and FADH2
electrons are passed from one protein to the next
electron at the end is spent and given final acceptor as OXYGEN
-34 ATPs
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show | 38 ATPs
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show | utilized by every organism, to some extent , perferred method of making ATP by some
by itself it makes no ATP
oxygen is not required
yields 2 ATP from glycolysis
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show | occurs mainly in yeast
converts pyruvic acid to ethanol
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show | lipases- breaks apart fatty acids joined to glycerol
glycerol is then converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate which can enter glycolysis
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protein catabolism | show 🗑
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show | some metabolic pathways can be used in forward and reverse direction
increased efficiency
given molecule can serve multiple purposes to derive max benefit
both catabolism and anabolism
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photosynthesis | show 🗑
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anabolism | show 🗑
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show | amylase- break down starch into glucose
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show | Large, small
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show | is heat and pH labile
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show | active site
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To digest cellulose in its environment, a fungus produces a/an -endoenzyme -exoenzyme -catalase -polymerase | show 🗑
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show | high energy ATP bonds
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show | vitamins
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A product or products of glycolysis is/are -ATP -H2O -CO2 -both a and b | show 🗑
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Fermentation of a glucose molecule has the potential to produce a net number of ________ ATPs. | show 🗑
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Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of _______ ATPs. | show 🗑
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show | 3
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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