Biology I Chapter 1
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| set of interacting components considered to be a distinct entity for the purpose of studying or understanding | system
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| what do all systems have some type of | some type of input (what goes into a system) and output (what comes out of a system)
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| what is the input and output of a cell phone | input-radio system
output-vibrations that we detect as sound
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| systems can range in what | size and complexity
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| what do all systems have | feedback
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| information from one step of a cycle that acts to change the behavior of a previous step | feedback
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| a property that a system has but its parts do not have | emergent properties
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| what is an example of an emergent property | cells and tissues
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| what are the characteristics of living things | -cells
-homeostasis
-energy
-reproduce
-grow
-respond to stimuli
-contain genetic material
-evolve
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| what do systems need | organization
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| all of the air that envelops Earth | atmosphere
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| solid features of Earth's surface | geosphere
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| what is an example of the geosphere | mountains and continents
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| area of Earth where life exists | biosphere
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| all of the Earth's water | hydrosphere
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| what is an example of the hydrosphere | liquid water, ice, and water vapor
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| from smallest to largest what are the levels of organization within the biosphere | organism->population->community->ecosystem->biome->biosphere
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| what sections of the biosphere contain living things | organism,population, and community
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| what sections of the biosphere contain living and non-living things | ecosystem, biome, and biosphere
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| what are the parts of an organism | organisms->organ systems->organs->tissues->cells (smallest living unit)
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| maintain internal temperature | homeostatsis
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| sexual-new living organism from genetic info from 2 "parents" asexual-inherit genetic info from 1 "parent" | reproduction
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| important for survival ex: light, sound, temperature | respond to stimuli
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| change over time to adapt to environment "survival of the fittest" | evolve
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| DNA makes who you are | contain genetic material
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| cells within the organism take in nutrients and get bigger | grow
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| get energy from sunlight | autotroph
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| get energy from other living things | hetertroph
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| 2 or more organs that work together to perform body functions | organ system
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| why do organ systems interact with each other | to maintain stable internal condition (homeostasis)
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| what is an example of 2 organ systems working together | muscular interacts with circulatory to help pump blood and deliver oxygen ad nutrients to cells
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| groups of tissues that carry out a specialized function | organs
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| group of similar cells that work together to perform specialized functions | tissue
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| what are the 4 main types of tissue | nervous, muscle, connective, epitheial
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| what type of tissue receives and transmits signals | nervous
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| what type of tissue contracts to allow movement and support | muscle
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| what type of tissue supports and binds other tissues together | connective
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| what type of tissue is a protective lining | epitheial
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| most basic unit of life, goes through division to make new cells(mitosis) | cells
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| what is cell specialization also called | cell differentiation
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| what is an example of specialized cells | brain cells (neurons)-> sends electrical and chemical sounds
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| what are the 3 types of neurons | sensory, interneurons, motor
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| what type of neuron detects stimuli and sends signals | sensory
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| what type of neuron sends information from sensory to motor neurons | interneurons
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| what type of neuron acts on info by contracting muscle | motor
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| what is the cell theory | 1) all living things are made up of one or more cells
2) cells are the basic unit of structure and function
3) all cells come from other cells
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| what do all cells contain | small structures called organelles
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| what are the 2 major types of cells | prokaryotic and eukaryotic
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| what are characteristics of prokaryotic cells | ~appeared earlier in history
~small and simple
~unicellular
~cell membrane
~ribosomes
~no nucleus
~no organelles
~DNA floats freely
~example is bacteria
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| what are characteristics of eukaryotic cells | ~appeared later in history
~large and complex
~mostly multicellular
~cell membrane
~ribosomes
~has nucleus
~has membrane bound organelles
~DNA is trapped in nucleus
~examples are plants, animals-humans, and fungi
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| function-boundary description- bouncer, found in all cells | cell membrane
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| function-boundary description- plants only, gives extra structure | cell wall
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| function- nucleus description- surrounds nucleus, has pores that allows material in and out | nuclear membrane
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| function- nucleus description- makes ribosomes | nucleolus
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| function- nucleus description- strand of DNA | chromatin
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| function- nucleus description- condensed chromatin | chromosome
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| function- protein synthesis description- makes proteins | ribosomes
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| function-filler description- thick fluid throughout cells | cytoplasm
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| function-storage description- stores material, water, food, and enzymes | vacuole
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| function-energy description-takes chemical energy from food and turns it into useful energy | mitochondria
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| function- energy description- plants only, for photosynthesis, captures sun's energy | chloroplasts
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| function-movement description-hair like structure | cilia
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| function-movement description- whip like structure | flagellum
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| regulation and maintenance of the internal environment within the narrow ranges that are necessary to support life | homeostasis
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| what is an example of homeostasis | body temperature
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| what is the first step in keeping homeostasis maintained | stimulus causes and imbalance
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| anything from the internal or external environment that causes an imbalance | stimulus
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| what is the second step in keeping homeostasis maintained | stimuli are detected by receptors
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| what is the third step in keeping homeostasis maintained | receptor sends info to control center->control center compares info to set values
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| what is the fourth step in keeping homeostasis maintained | control center responds
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| what is the fifth step in keeping homeostasis maintained | response of control center restores balance by returning internal conditions to set points
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| what does homeostasis depend on | communication between receptors, control centers and effectors
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| hormones are a type of communication |
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| chemicals secreted in bloodstream | hormones
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| what is an example of a hormone | adrenaline-causes blood vessels to allow oxygen to muscles
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| return condition to normal set points | negative feedback loop
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| what type of feedback loop are most functions | negative
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| make adjustments in the same direction as the stimulus | positive feedback loop
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| what is an example of a short term disruption of homeostasis | cold-virus enters body and multiplies before immune system can destroy it->symptoms- runny nose and sore throat
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| cause more damage and can lead to other diseases | long term disruption of homeostasis
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| how do plants maintain homeostasis | balance of gas, sun, water, and minerals
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| what gases are exchanged through plants and where at on the plants | CO2 and O2; through stomata
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| small holes on bottom of leaf | stomata
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| applies the concepts of engineering to living things | bioengineering
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| what is an example of bioengineering | cochlear implants send signals to the brain for people with damaged inner ears
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| how are technology and society related | -constantly building off each other
-greatly influence each other
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| what is an example of how technology and society are related | emergency medical treatment and technology
~Ambulances in the 1950s just delivered patients
~Societal expectations led to vehicles with room for medical treatment
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| method used to develop or improve technology | engineering design process
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| what are the 2 types of variables in an experiment | independent and dependent
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| what factor is adjusted in experiment | independent
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| what factor responds to the other | dependent
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| Consider the following question: how will amount of light affect plant growth? what is the independent variable | amount of light
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| Consider the following question: how will amount of light affect plant growth? what is the dependent variable | height of plant
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| Consider the following question: how will amount of light affect plant growth? what is the control | natural light
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