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Biology I Chapter 1
| Question / Definition | Answer / Term |
|---|---|
| set of interacting components considered to be a distinct entity for the purpose of studying or understanding | system |
| what do all systems have some type of | some type of input (what goes into a system) and output (what comes out of a system) |
| what is the input and output of a cell phone | input-radio system output-vibrations that we detect as sound |
| systems can range in what | size and complexity |
| what do all systems have | feedback |
| information from one step of a cycle that acts to change the behavior of a previous step | feedback |
| a property that a system has but its parts do not have | emergent properties |
| what is an example of an emergent property | cells and tissues |
| what are the characteristics of living things | -cells -homeostasis -energy -reproduce -grow -respond to stimuli -contain genetic material -evolve |
| what do systems need | organization |
| all of the air that envelops Earth | atmosphere |
| solid features of Earth's surface | geosphere |
| what is an example of the geosphere | mountains and continents |
| area of Earth where life exists | biosphere |
| all of the Earth's water | hydrosphere |
| what is an example of the hydrosphere | liquid water, ice, and water vapor |
| from smallest to largest what are the levels of organization within the biosphere | organism->population->community->ecosystem->biome->biosphere |
| what sections of the biosphere contain living things | organism,population, and community |
| what sections of the biosphere contain living and non-living things | ecosystem, biome, and biosphere |
| what are the parts of an organism | organisms->organ systems->organs->tissues->cells (smallest living unit) |
| maintain internal temperature | homeostatsis |
| sexual-new living organism from genetic info from 2 "parents" asexual-inherit genetic info from 1 "parent" | reproduction |
| important for survival ex: light, sound, temperature | respond to stimuli |
| change over time to adapt to environment "survival of the fittest" | evolve |
| DNA makes who you are | contain genetic material |
| cells within the organism take in nutrients and get bigger | grow |
| get energy from sunlight | autotroph |
| get energy from other living things | hetertroph |
| 2 or more organs that work together to perform body functions | organ system |
| why do organ systems interact with each other | to maintain stable internal condition (homeostasis) |
| what is an example of 2 organ systems working together | muscular interacts with circulatory to help pump blood and deliver oxygen ad nutrients to cells |
| groups of tissues that carry out a specialized function | organs |
| group of similar cells that work together to perform specialized functions | tissue |
| what are the 4 main types of tissue | nervous, muscle, connective, epitheial |
| what type of tissue receives and transmits signals | nervous |
| what type of tissue contracts to allow movement and support | muscle |
| what type of tissue supports and binds other tissues together | connective |
| what type of tissue is a protective lining | epitheial |
| most basic unit of life, goes through division to make new cells(mitosis) | cells |
| what is cell specialization also called | cell differentiation |
| what is an example of specialized cells | brain cells (neurons)-> sends electrical and chemical sounds |
| what are the 3 types of neurons | sensory, interneurons, motor |
| what type of neuron detects stimuli and sends signals | sensory |
| what type of neuron sends information from sensory to motor neurons | interneurons |
| what type of neuron acts on info by contracting muscle | motor |
| what is the cell theory | 1) all living things are made up of one or more cells 2) cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3) all cells come from other cells |
| what do all cells contain | small structures called organelles |
| what are the 2 major types of cells | prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| what are characteristics of prokaryotic cells | ~appeared earlier in history ~small and simple ~unicellular ~cell membrane ~ribosomes ~no nucleus ~no organelles ~DNA floats freely ~example is bacteria |
| what are characteristics of eukaryotic cells | ~appeared later in history ~large and complex ~mostly multicellular ~cell membrane ~ribosomes ~has nucleus ~has membrane bound organelles ~DNA is trapped in nucleus ~examples are plants, animals-humans, and fungi |
| function-boundary description- bouncer, found in all cells | cell membrane |
| function-boundary description- plants only, gives extra structure | cell wall |
| function- nucleus description- surrounds nucleus, has pores that allows material in and out | nuclear membrane |
| function- nucleus description- makes ribosomes | nucleolus |
| function- nucleus description- strand of DNA | chromatin |
| function- nucleus description- condensed chromatin | chromosome |
| function- protein synthesis description- makes proteins | ribosomes |
| function-filler description- thick fluid throughout cells | cytoplasm |
| function-storage description- stores material, water, food, and enzymes | vacuole |
| function-energy description-takes chemical energy from food and turns it into useful energy | mitochondria |
| function- energy description- plants only, for photosynthesis, captures sun's energy | chloroplasts |
| function-movement description-hair like structure | cilia |
| function-movement description- whip like structure | flagellum |
| regulation and maintenance of the internal environment within the narrow ranges that are necessary to support life | homeostasis |
| what is an example of homeostasis | body temperature |
| what is the first step in keeping homeostasis maintained | stimulus causes and imbalance |
| anything from the internal or external environment that causes an imbalance | stimulus |
| what is the second step in keeping homeostasis maintained | stimuli are detected by receptors |
| what is the third step in keeping homeostasis maintained | receptor sends info to control center->control center compares info to set values |
| what is the fourth step in keeping homeostasis maintained | control center responds |
| what is the fifth step in keeping homeostasis maintained | response of control center restores balance by returning internal conditions to set points |
| what does homeostasis depend on | communication between receptors, control centers and effectors |
| hormones are a type of communication | |
| chemicals secreted in bloodstream | hormones |
| what is an example of a hormone | adrenaline-causes blood vessels to allow oxygen to muscles |
| return condition to normal set points | negative feedback loop |
| what type of feedback loop are most functions | negative |
| make adjustments in the same direction as the stimulus | positive feedback loop |
| what is an example of a short term disruption of homeostasis | cold-virus enters body and multiplies before immune system can destroy it->symptoms- runny nose and sore throat |
| cause more damage and can lead to other diseases | long term disruption of homeostasis |
| how do plants maintain homeostasis | balance of gas, sun, water, and minerals |
| what gases are exchanged through plants and where at on the plants | CO2 and O2; through stomata |
| small holes on bottom of leaf | stomata |
| applies the concepts of engineering to living things | bioengineering |
| what is an example of bioengineering | cochlear implants send signals to the brain for people with damaged inner ears |
| how are technology and society related | -constantly building off each other -greatly influence each other |
| what is an example of how technology and society are related | emergency medical treatment and technology ~Ambulances in the 1950s just delivered patients ~Societal expectations led to vehicles with room for medical treatment |
| method used to develop or improve technology | engineering design process |
| what are the 2 types of variables in an experiment | independent and dependent |
| what factor is adjusted in experiment | independent |
| what factor responds to the other | dependent |
| Consider the following question: how will amount of light affect plant growth? what is the independent variable | amount of light |
| Consider the following question: how will amount of light affect plant growth? what is the dependent variable | height of plant |
| Consider the following question: how will amount of light affect plant growth? what is the control | natural light |
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dancer2024
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