A&P II Gwinnett Technical College
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accessory digestive organs | food does not pass through these organs (ex. liver, pancreas, gall bladder)
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acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin | three chemicals that act on the parietal cell to increase acid production
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acinus | exocrine cells arranged in a sac-like structure
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adventitia | outermost connective tissue later found on organs outside the peritoneal cavity
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amino acids | form proteins are in when they are absorbed in the intestines
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ampulla of Vater | anatomical structure formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct prior to entrance into the duodenum
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amylase | chemical digestion in mouth (starch)
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amylase | enzyme made by parotid gland
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amylase, lysozyme, ions, water, mucus | five components of saliva
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bicarbonate | chemical made by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid
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bile | fluid that emulsifies fats (breaking into smaller fat droplets)
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bile salts | part of bile that emulsifies fats
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bilirubin | part of bile that comes from hemoglobin
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bolus | ball of food that if formed in the mouth prior to deglutition
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Brunner's gland | structure that makes mucus - located in the duodenal submucosa
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brush border enzymes | small intestine enzymes that include disaccharidases and dipeptidases located in the membrane of microvilli
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cardia | part of the stomach around opening to the esophagus
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cholecystokinin | hormone that causes gall bladder contraction, secretion of pancreatic juice high in enzymes , feeling of fullness, shut down of stomach secretion
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chylomicron | lipoprotein made by the small intestinal epithelial cell that travels in the lymph
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chylomicron, LDL, HDL | three lipoproteins
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common hepatic duct | bile duct formed by merging of right and left hepatic ducts
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crown | part of the tooth above the gum
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Crypt of Lieberkuehn | deep crevice between two villi in the small intestine
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cystic duct | bile passageway between common hepatic duct and the gall bladder
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deglutition | swallowing
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diaphragmatic hernia | a condition when portion of the stomach develops in the thoracic cavity - present in newborns
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diffusion | process by which fats are absorbed in the small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum | three parts of the small intestine
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enteroendocrine cell | epithelial cells in the stomach and intestines that make hormones
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enterokinase | enzyme that activated trypsinogen
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epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa | three parts of the mucosa of GI organs
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facilitated diffusion | process by which water-soluble amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the small intestine
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falciform ligament | form of peritoneum that connects the liver and the diaphragm
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fatty acids and monoglycerides | form triglycerides are in when they are absorbed in the small intestine
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flatus | gas
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G-cell | cell that makes gastrin (enteroendocrine cell of the stomach)
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gastrin | hormone made by G-cells that increases acid production by the stomach
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gingiva | gum
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greater omentum | fold of peritoneum that hangs from the stomach over the abdominal organs (fatty apron)
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haustra | puckers of the large intestine due to the taeniae coli
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HCl and intrinsic factor | products of parietal cells
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hepatic artery | artery that brings oxygenated blood to the liver
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hepatic portal vein | blood vessel that brings nutrients from the intestines to the liver before they reach the general circulation
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hiatal hernia | a condition when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
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hydrolysis | adding water to break a bond
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ileocecal valve | valve located between the small and large intestines
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inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle | two laters of muscularis externa
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intraperitoneal | an organ that is surrounded on all sides by peritoneum
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jaundice | elevated bilirubin in the blood
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jejunum | site of most nutrient absorption
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jejunum, ileum | parts of the small intestine that are entirely intraperitoneal
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Kupffer cells | cells found in sinusoids of the liver
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labia | lip
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lacteal | lymph vessel present in the villus of the small intestine
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lesser omentum | fold of peritoneum that connects the liver and the stomach
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lipase | pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats
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make insulin (and glucagon) | purpose of the iselt of Langerhans
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mastication | chewing
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maxillae and palatine | bones that make up the hard palate
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mesentery proper | fold of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior wall
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mesocolon | fold of peritoneum that connects the transverse colon with the abdominal wall
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microvilli | extensions of the cell membrane on the small intestinal epithelial cell
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molar | type of tooth for grinding food
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monosaccharides | form carbohydrates are in when absorbed in the intestine
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mucus acinus | type of acinus makes thick secretion high in mucus
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oropharynx and laryngopharynx | parts of the pharynx for both food and air
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pancreas, parotid gland | glands that contain almost entirely serous acini
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pancreatic amylase | pancreatic enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
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Paneth cell | cell in intestine that makes lysozyme (antibacterial)
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parasympathetic nervous system | part of the ANS that causes defecation
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pepsin (protein) | chemical digestion in stomach
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pepsinogen | product of chief cell
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periodontal ligament | structure that connects tooth to bone in a gomphosis
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peristalsis | contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles throughout the digestive tract to move food forward
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Peyer's Patch | large lymphatic tissue nodules present in the submucosa of the ileum
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plica circulares | circular folds of the submucosa and mucosa in the small intestine
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pulp cavity | hollow part of the tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves
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pyloric valve | valve between the stomach and duodenum
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retroperitoneal | an organ that has only one side covered by visceral peritoneum (duodenum, kidney, pancreas)
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root | part of the tooth below the gum
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rugae | folds of mucosa and submucosa in the stomach
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secretin | hormone that causes secretion of pancreatic juice high in bicarbonate, shut down of stomach secretion
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segmentation | random constriction of the circular layer of muscle in the small intestine
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serosa or visceral peritoneum | most superifical histological layer of an intraperitoneal organ
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serous acinus | type of acinus that makes watery secretion
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simple columnar | type of epithelium lining the stomach
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simple squamous | type of epithelium in visceral peritoneum
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sinusoid | type of capillary (very leaky) in the liver
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smooth | type of muscle tissue found in muscularis mucosa
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some B vitamins and K | vitamins made by bacteria in the GI tract
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stratified squamous | type of epithelium lining the esophagus
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sublingual gland | gland that contains almost entirely mucus acini
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submandibular gland | gland that contains relatively equal amounts of mucus and serous acini
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sucrase, maltase, lactase | three disaccharidases
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taeniae coli | longitudinal bands of muscle in the large intestine
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triad region | histological region between liver lobules that contain bile duct, hepatic artery, and branch of the hepatic portal vein
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trypsin | enzyme that activates chymotrypsinogen
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trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase | three pancreatic zygomens (proenzymes)
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vagus | nerve involved in cephalic phase of stomach control
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villi | extensions of the lamina propria in the small intestine to create finger-like extensions
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vitamin B12 absorption | purpose of intrinsic factor
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zygomen or proenzyme | inactive form of an enzyme
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