psy307 evol ch10p305-316
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| meta-analysis of forms of aggression (male vs female effect sizes) | fantasies (.84), physical (.60), imitative (.49), shock (.39)
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| men and women rated similarly | in hostility
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| same-sex homocides | rate of male on male far exceeds female on female in all cultures examined
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| physical bullying in school (direct aggression) | higher among boys
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| name calling (indirect aggression) | higher among girls (bitch, slag, slut, whore) in high school, but not middle school-intrasex mate competition
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| aboriginal men on mem | 97% of aggressive episodes in which a dangerous weapon was used
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| young male syndrome | Mating display: young males most prone to engaging in risky forms of aggression that puts them at risk of injury and death
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| young men are both formidable and risk-prone because | they face the most intense selection for confrontational competitive capabilities among our ancesters
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| young men seeking a wife had to display | tribal hunting prowess, raids, defense and ability for self-defense to impress women and deter rivals
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| young men, among animals, are unique | in the importance of cultivating a reputation
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| displays of violence by young men are almost invariably made | in the presence of an audience
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| the higher the percentage of 15-29 year old males | the higher the levels of coalitional aggression
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| male post-puberty muscle and aerobic growth with quick energy bursts | needed for a physically risky competitive strategy
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| most killers and victims | unmarried and many unemployed
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| male-male homicides to defend | status, reputation and honor in local peer group
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| men who are victimized by aggression in secondary school | have fewer sex partners by the time they reach college
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| in Ecuadorian tribes ferocity as a warrior appears to be | closely linked to one's social status within the group
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| rivalry and competition over mates | often triggers aggression
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| women must compete to initiate and | maintain her long-term bond with a high status male
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| females use social exclusion (ostracism) as a primary strategy | of getting rid of female competitors often accomplished using verbal aggression
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| women derogate their competitors on the basis of | physical appearance and sexual promiscuity to influence men's evaluations of the victim's attractiveness
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| female report of other's promiscuity was not effective for | men seeking a short-term mate, but very effective for those seeking a long-term mate
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| female aggression from | jealousy, competition and inclusion in desirable in-group
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| triggers of men on women aggression | primarily sexual jealousy against young mates (high reproductive value) and threat to terminate relationship (spousal homicide)
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| autonomy-limiting behavior by male linked to | male violence against mates
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| violence by men is | a strategy for controlling their mates to prevent sexual access by other men or a defection from the relationship
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| spousal abuse such as spitting, hitting, calling names is | roughly as common by women as men
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| female initiated spousal homicide almost always because of | suspected infidelity or long history of physical abuse
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| male coalitional warfare is | pervasive across cultures worldwide
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| gaining more copulations is almost always viewed as | a desired benefit of victory
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| war is an intensely | cooperative venture
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| retaliation and revenge are critical to maintaining | credible reputations
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| conditions for warfare adaptations to evolve | sexual access to women, belief in victory which increases resources, rewards gained proportional to risk taken, ignorance of who will die
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| natural selection operates for particular design features | on their average reproductive consequences
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| average reproductive gain does not change | when men going into battle die
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| because it operates on average reproductive effects across individuals over evolutionary time | selection can favor psychological mechanisms that lead men to war
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| only men evolve psychological mechanisms | designed for coalitional warfare
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| sexual access will be the primary benefit | that men gain from joining male coalitions
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| men will defect if | death appears imminent
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| men are likely to go to war | when their coalition appears stronger
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| men should have developed psychological mechanisms to | enforce the risk contract: to punish charters, defectors or traitors
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| men should have evolved psychological mechanisms enabling them to | detect, prefer and enlist men willing and able to contribute to war's success
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