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psy307 evol ch10p305
psy307 evol ch10p305-316
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| meta-analysis of forms of aggression (male vs female effect sizes) | fantasies (.84), physical (.60), imitative (.49), shock (.39) |
| men and women rated similarly | in hostility |
| same-sex homocides | rate of male on male far exceeds female on female in all cultures examined |
| physical bullying in school (direct aggression) | higher among boys |
| name calling (indirect aggression) | higher among girls (bitch, slag, slut, whore) in high school, but not middle school-intrasex mate competition |
| aboriginal men on mem | 97% of aggressive episodes in which a dangerous weapon was used |
| young male syndrome | Mating display: young males most prone to engaging in risky forms of aggression that puts them at risk of injury and death |
| young men are both formidable and risk-prone because | they face the most intense selection for confrontational competitive capabilities among our ancesters |
| young men seeking a wife had to display | tribal hunting prowess, raids, defense and ability for self-defense to impress women and deter rivals |
| young men, among animals, are unique | in the importance of cultivating a reputation |
| displays of violence by young men are almost invariably made | in the presence of an audience |
| the higher the percentage of 15-29 year old males | the higher the levels of coalitional aggression |
| male post-puberty muscle and aerobic growth with quick energy bursts | needed for a physically risky competitive strategy |
| most killers and victims | unmarried and many unemployed |
| male-male homicides to defend | status, reputation and honor in local peer group |
| men who are victimized by aggression in secondary school | have fewer sex partners by the time they reach college |
| in Ecuadorian tribes ferocity as a warrior appears to be | closely linked to one's social status within the group |
| rivalry and competition over mates | often triggers aggression |
| women must compete to initiate and | maintain her long-term bond with a high status male |
| females use social exclusion (ostracism) as a primary strategy | of getting rid of female competitors often accomplished using verbal aggression |
| women derogate their competitors on the basis of | physical appearance and sexual promiscuity to influence men's evaluations of the victim's attractiveness |
| female report of other's promiscuity was not effective for | men seeking a short-term mate, but very effective for those seeking a long-term mate |
| female aggression from | jealousy, competition and inclusion in desirable in-group |
| triggers of men on women aggression | primarily sexual jealousy against young mates (high reproductive value) and threat to terminate relationship (spousal homicide) |
| autonomy-limiting behavior by male linked to | male violence against mates |
| violence by men is | a strategy for controlling their mates to prevent sexual access by other men or a defection from the relationship |
| spousal abuse such as spitting, hitting, calling names is | roughly as common by women as men |
| female initiated spousal homicide almost always because of | suspected infidelity or long history of physical abuse |
| male coalitional warfare is | pervasive across cultures worldwide |
| gaining more copulations is almost always viewed as | a desired benefit of victory |
| war is an intensely | cooperative venture |
| retaliation and revenge are critical to maintaining | credible reputations |
| conditions for warfare adaptations to evolve | sexual access to women, belief in victory which increases resources, rewards gained proportional to risk taken, ignorance of who will die |
| natural selection operates for particular design features | on their average reproductive consequences |
| average reproductive gain does not change | when men going into battle die |
| because it operates on average reproductive effects across individuals over evolutionary time | selection can favor psychological mechanisms that lead men to war |
| only men evolve psychological mechanisms | designed for coalitional warfare |
| sexual access will be the primary benefit | that men gain from joining male coalitions |
| men will defect if | death appears imminent |
| men are likely to go to war | when their coalition appears stronger |
| men should have developed psychological mechanisms to | enforce the risk contract: to punish charters, defectors or traitors |
| men should have evolved psychological mechanisms enabling them to | detect, prefer and enlist men willing and able to contribute to war's success |
Created by:
james22222222
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