anatomy 3
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| Hypothesis | make a prediction
test the prediction
repeat the test or develop new ones
analyze & report results or conclusions
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| Anatomy | branch of biology, study of structure of organism and their parts
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| anatomy is related to | embryology and comparative anatomy
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| Physiology | the science of body functions; it is the study of mechanical, physical and biochemical properties of living organism.
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| Gross Anatomy | study of macroscopic structure;
surface anatomy: external features
systemic anatomy: body structure by system
regional anatomy; all systems within a region
surgical anatomy: anatomical landmarks, important during surgery
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| physiology function of systemic anatomy | systemic physiology; function of each body system
immunology; study of body's defense mechanism
pharmacology; study of drug action in the body
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| Radiology | study of structure and function within the living body using xrays and other imaging techniques
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| Pathology | study of structural and functional changes associated with disease
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| Microscopic anatomy | study of microscopic structure
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| example of Microscopic anatomy | cytology; study of cells
Histology; study of tissues
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| cellular physiology | study of cellular function
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| Developmental Anatomy | study of structural changes from conception to birth
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| Embryology | study of prenatal development
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| comparative anatomy | study of the comparison of human anatomy with that of other animals
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| comparitive physiology | Study of the comparison of human physiology wirh that of other animals.
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| Levels of organization of the human body | atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organs and organ system
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| chemicals | made up of atoms and molecules
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| Cell | basic structural and functional units of an organism, there are nmany types, including nerve cell, blood cells, muscle cells and fat cells.
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| Tissue | groups of cells & the surrounding environment that work together to produce a specific function.
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| Organ | organs are structures that are made of two or more different types of tissues, they have specific functions & a defined shape.
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| example of an organ | The heart is an example of an organ; it is made of muscle, connective, & nervous tissue. The tissues work in concert to move blood through the body
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| System | consists of related organs that have a common function, there are eleven organ systems in the body:
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| four types of tissues in the body | epithelial tissue,
connective tissue,
muscle tissue and
nervous tissue.
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| A Cell | The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning, consisting of cytoplasm, usually one nucleus, and various other organelles, all surrounded by a semipermeable cell membrane.
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| integumentary system | what is this system components; , nails, hair, sweat glands, glands (sensation,(somatosensory perception) and Vitamin D synthesis; (responsible for protection, absorption, excretion, regulated body temperature., helps make vit D
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| Muscular system | what is this system components; and muscle tissue; support and movement (skeletal system); protection of nerves and vessels (smooth and cardiac)
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| Nervous system | what is this system components; , spinal cord, nerves, sense organs (eyes and ears); generates action potential (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities: detects changes in body internal and external environments; integration and regulation
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| skeletal system | what is this system components; and joints: supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachment, aid body movement, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fat).
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| Endocrine system | what is this system components; producing gland; pineal gland, hypothalmus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid glan, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries. regulates body activity by releasing hormone
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| cardiovascular system | What system is blood, heart and blood vessels; responsible of transportation
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| lymphatic system and immunity | what is this system components; vessels, spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses; b cells, t cells and others. immunity
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| Respiratory system | what is this system components; and air passageways such as pharynx (thoat), laryn (voice box), trachea (wind pipe) and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs. Transfers oxygen, regulated ph or acid base balance of the body fluids; temperature.
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| Digestive system | what is this system components; , absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste; achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food.
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| urinary system | ,what is this system components; stores and eliminates urine, PH regulator, maintains body's mineral balance, helps regulate production of red blood cells.
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| Reproductive system | what is this system components; sperm, and eggs from the ovaries to form a new organism. also releases hormones that regulate reproduction ; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.
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| What Noninvasive diagnostic technique is used during an exam | palpation, auscultation and percussion used to assess
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| When there us a drop in temperature vessels do what? | vasodilation (heat is conserved) increase muscle activity(shivering)
Behavior changes; putting on a sweater
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| percussion is done in assessing to know | if the tissue is solid
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| What name is used to describe the study of the body that focuses on groups of organs that have a common function? | Systemic anatomy
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| What is eponym? | terms that are based on a person's name
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| criterion used to define life | autopoieses
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| seven levels of organization | chemical, organell, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organism
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| organells | tiny organs
mitochondria; the power house of cells that provide energy needed by the cell to carry on day to day functioning, growth and repair.
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| List the four major tissues | epethelial, connective, muscle and nervous
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| Homeostasis | a condition of equilibrium or balance in the body's internal environment. It is maintained by regulatory processes.
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| extracellular fluid | the survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of what surrounding fluid.
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| negative feedback | bp; amount of anything in the blood
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| positive feedback | labor production, blood clotting formation, ovulation reproductive
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| When homeostasis is disrupted disease, disorder, and even death may result | Homeostatic imbalances
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| matter | anything that has a mass and occupies space
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| atom | smallest unit of matter; functional structure
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| matter exists in 3 forms | solid, liquid, gas
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| element consist of | one type of atom and cannot be broken down to another substance
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| 26 elements 11 major elements 15 trace elements | in the human body
makes less than 2% of body weight
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| carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen | makes up 96% of what constitutes the human body
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| protons | positive charge located in the nucleus
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| neutrons | ARE UNCHARGED; no change; located in the nucleus
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| electrons | negative charge; located outside the nucleus; Exist in a orbiting cloud . They are electrically attracted to positively charged protons
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| mass number | the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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| isotopes with the same # of protons but differing # of neutrons; differ in mass #'s | used in medicine or treatment
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| oxidation in cells produces | free radicals (unstable)
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| antioxidants | neutralizee free radicals; vitacmins c and E; alpha carotene; a substance that gives up an electron to a free radical
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| radioisotopes in medicine | pet scanning. diagnostic and treatment
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| ion | an atom that has lost or gained and eletron
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| molecule | 2 or more atoms sharing electrons
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| compound | a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements; all compounds are molecules
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| ionic bond in water are; | weak, joined atoms have opposite chargesen
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| covalent bond in the molecule of water are: | strong; joined atoms share electrons. in a polar convalent one end is slightly positive, the other slightly negative
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| chemical bond occurs when | atoms are held together by forces of attraction
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| convalent bonds are | single, double and triple bonds
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| hydrogen bonds | weak attraction between polar molecules
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| energy | the capacity to do work; potential, kinectic, chemical energy
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| types of chemical reactions | synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible, oxifdation- reduction
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| inorganic compound usually lack | carbon and are simple molecules
water is the most importand and abundant inorganic compound in all living things.
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| organic compounds always contain | H, C, N, O and always have convalent bonds; carbon and at least one hydrogen atom
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| hydrophilic | water loving or chemically attracted to water
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| hydrophobic | fearing water or chemically repelled by water
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| solvent | easily dissoves ions and polar molecules
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| solute | is the dissolve subtance
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| water forms | spheres of hydration
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| In a hydrolysis reaction | water is added to break bonds
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| In a dehydration synthesis reaction | water is removed to make bonds
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| mixture | a combination of elemens or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together
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| 3 types of mixtures | solution, colloid, suspension
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| acid | substance that donates protons to other solutes or to water molecules when it dissolved in water
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| base | a substance that accepts H+ when is dissolved in water
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| salt | releases ion other than H+ and OH- key functions in cell
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| PH less than 7 | increasingly accidic
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| PH more than 7 | iicreasingly akaline
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| Buffers | protect against shifts in PH; regulates by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
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| human blood; maintains PH | 7.3-7.5
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| Acidosis | blood PH below 7.0; leads to coma and death
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| ALKALOSIS | blood PH increase to 7.8 leads to tetany and death
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| four clases of biological molecules are: | carbohydrates, lipid, protein and nucleic acids
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| carbonic acid | weak acid; major buffer
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| enzymes are | proteins that help speed up chemical reaction
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| carbohydrates | provide most of the energy needed for life
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| Polysaccharides | Glycogen: storage form of glucose in animals (in liver and muscles)
Starch: storage form of glucose in plants (high amounts in potatoes, rice, wheat, and corn)
Cellulose: indigestible fiber of plants (aids in human digestion)
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| Fats lipids and Their Chemical Relatives | Cells use lipids to store energy,
as structural materials, and
as signaling molecules
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| Fats | Glycerol with one, two, or three fatty acids attached
Triglycerides
Most common fat in human body
Richest source of energy
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| Fatty acids can be saturated | or unsaturated
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| Triglycerides | Triglycerides proved protection, insulation, and energy
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| Phospholipids | are key building blocks of cell membranes.
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| Proteins | gives structure to the body, regulate processes, provides protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, and serve as enzymes
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| DNA & RNA | DNA forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities
RNA guides protein formation
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| Nucleotide | Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base (cytosine, guanine, thymine, and adenine)
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| ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) | Three phosphate groups
Links chemical reactions that release energy when phosphate bonds are broken; the principal energy-storing molecule in the body
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| Coenzyme | Move hydrogen atoms and electrons
Act as chemical messengers, such as cAMP the principal energy-storing
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| The cell can be subdivided into 3 parts | Plasma (cell) membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Organelles
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Genes
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| Plasma membrane | Outer covering of all cells; serves as the boundary of the cell maintaining its integrity. Control what goes in and out of the cell. contains proteins and carbohydrate chains that serve identifying markers and receptors
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| DNA | Contains the genetic instructions
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| Region between the plasma membrane and the DNA Contains | Cytosol
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| Nucleus houses | genetic codes
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| Give an example of how cell structure relates to its function | Cell have a particular size or form because they perform a certain activity
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| Cytoskeleton | Structurally supports,
gives shape
to cell;
moves
cell and
its parts
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| Plasma Membrane | Controls the kinds
and amounts of substances moving into and out of cell and contains the cytoplasm of the cell
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| Nucleus keeps DNA away from potentially damaging reaction in the: | Cytoplasm
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| Ribosomes | attached to rough ER and free in cytoplasm) Sites of protein synthesis
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| Lysosomes | cells's digestive system
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| Golgi apparatus | Synthethizes carbohydrates
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| Rough ER | Modifies new polypeptide chains
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| Smooth ER | Makes lipids, degrades fats, inactivates toxins
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| Two types of membrane proteins are | Integral (also called transmembrane) proteins
Peripheral proteins
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| roles of plasma membrane proteins | Channels
Transporters
Receptors
Recognition
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| EXTRACELLULAR FLUID | Receptor protein , Recognition protein
that identifies a cell as belonging to one’s own body. A transporter protein. It allows substances to cross the membrane through a channel in its interior. An enzyme, A pump protein. It moves ions across the membra
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| Oxygen, carbon dioxide, small nonpolar molecules, and some molecules of water cross a lipid bilayer freely. | Glucose and other large, polar, water-soluble molecules, and ions (e.g., H+, Na+, K+, Cl–, Ca++) cannot cross on their own.
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| concentration gradient | s the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other
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| electrical gradient | is the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other
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| electrochemical gradient | concentration gradient and electrical gradient make up
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| Passive processes Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion, osmosis. Active processes Active transport Vesicular transport | Transport processes that move substances across the cell membrane are:
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| In diffusion, a dissolved molecule or ion moves down a | concentration gradient
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| Diffusion | is the net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient
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| Passive transport | occurs in living organisms as substances move across a cell membrane
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| Transmembrane proteins help solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move through the lipid bilayer | The processes involved are:
Channel mediated facilitated diffusion
Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
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| Osmosis | The net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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| hypertonic solution | more solute molecules) in second compartment
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| hypotonic solution | few solute molecules)
in first compartment
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| Tonicity of a solution relates to how the | solution influences the shape of body cells
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| Primary Active Transport | Energy derived from ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient.
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| Secondary Active Transport | Energy stored (in a hydrogen or sodium concentration gradient) is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradients
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| Exocytosis | membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid
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| Transcytosis | a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side
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| Cytosol | is also known as the intracellular fluid, a portion of the cytoplasm
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| Microtubules | Spatially organize interior of the cell
Flagella and cilia arise from centrioles
Create movement
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| Microfilaments | Reinforce parts of the cell
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| Intermediate filaments | Add strength
Anchor filaments of actin and myosin
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| Vesicles | Patches of the Golgi membrane bulge and break off
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| Peroxisomes | Peroxisomes are structures that are similar in shape to lysosomes, but are smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances
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| Proteasomes | are barrel-shaped structures that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller peptides
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| Cell mitochondria convert the raw energy in organic compounds from | food to ATP-a chemical form the cell can use
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| Cellular Metabolism | Chemical reactions occur within the cells
Energy supplied by ATP
ATP created from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats we eat
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| Cellular respiration | Formation of ATP from the breakdown of macromolecules
Electron removed in the process
Usually aerobic in complex organisms
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| The nucleolus is where cells make the parts of the | ribosomes. The ribosomes leave the nucleus through pores.
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| Chromosome | Double-stranded DNA molecule
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| Protein Synthesis: Transcription | occurs in the nucleus and is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis
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| Protein Synthesis: Translation | occurs in the nucleus and is the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein
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| Meiosis | Involves reproduction
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| Mitosis | Involves growth and maintenance of cells
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| Mitotic Phase: Prophase | During prophase chromatin condenses into chromosomes
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| Mitotic Phase: Metaphase | During metaphase centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
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| Mitotic Phase: Anaphase | During anaphase centromeres of chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell
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| Mitotic Phase: Telophase | During telophase the mitotic spindle dissolves, chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance, and a new nuclear membrane forms
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| Cytokinesis | During cytokinesis a cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of the parent cell fully splits
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| 3 possible destinies: Remain alive and functioning without dividing Grow and divide Die | Control of Cell Destiny
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| Epidemiology | the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease an
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| Proteomics | is the large-scale study of proteins
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| Metaplasia | if the original cells are not robust enough to withstand their environment, so they transform into another cell type better suited to their environmen
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| Tumor | When cell division does not occur in the
usual pattern
Also called neoplasms
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
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| Disorders of Cell Structure | Atrophy Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia Metaplasia
Dysplasia Neoplasia
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| Cell death | Necrosis
Apoptosis
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| Centrosome | plays an important role during cell division,
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| gap juncitions are formed when | membranes channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other.
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| Tight juction occurs in cell that are | joined by collar of tghtly fused membranes
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| Distinguish between membranous and nonmembranous organelles | membranouss organelles are the organelles that are speialized sacs or canals made of cell membrane. nonmembranous organelles are microscopic filaments or other nonmembranous materials.
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| Cytoplasm | gel like structure
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| List the three main structural components of a cell | Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm including organell's
the nucleus
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| free radical | an unstable molecule that includes an atom with an electron vacancy in the outer shell
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| when there is a rise in temperature what occurs to blood vessel | vasocontriction; sweating, changes in behavior; heavy breathing, sweating (heat is dissipated from the body) reduced muscle activity
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